独立担保制度在我国适用问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 04:49

本文选题：独立担保 + 独立性　；参考：《广西师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：独立担保是民商事活动发展中的产物,因其具有独特的特征,使得独立担保突破了传统担保的从属性,弥补了传统担保中担保人抗辩权过多、索款效率低下、救济程序复杂的劣势,其出现促进了民商事活动的效率,可以预见在要求速度的信息化时代中,独立担保将发挥更重要的角色,为我国经济的发展保驾护航。随着我国改革开放政策的实行,上世纪80年代外国企业来华投资交易业务不断上升,在外国企业与我国进行经济交往的过程中,由于我国处于开放初期,国内信用水平较低,起源于西方的独立担保制度随着改革开放政策的实行也进入到中国,并在我国银行对外业务中首先开展起来,为我国改革开放早期的经济的发展提供了一定的支持。2016年11月18日最高人民法院公布了《最高人民法院关于审理独立保函纠纷案件若干问题的规定》司法解释,标志着我国在司法实务中正式承认独立担保在国内适用的效力。独立担保在我国发展已有30多年的历史,伴随着我国经济的不断发展,其在国内的适用也越来越频繁。但是,由于我国立法及对独立担保相关内容和本质特征认识不清的原因,实践中出现的问题和纠纷频繁不断,导致这一具有独特优势的工具未能完全在我国经济发展中发光发热。因此,对独立担保制度在我国适用问题的研究显得极其重要。本文拟通过对独立担保制度中的主要内容及特征进行介绍和分析,明确了我国独立担保制度适用中的主要问题,并结合两大法系典型国家及国际条约和国际惯例中对独立担保的规定和研究,对完善独立担保制度在我国适用提出建议。在结构安排上,本文主体结构一共分为四章。第一章是对独立担保制度基本理论的介绍。该章从独立担保的产生入手,分析了独立担保产生的必然性和重要性,对独立担保的概念进行了界定,明确了本文研究采用狭义独立担保的概念,即本文的独立担保包含独立保函和备用信用证两种形式。随后对独立担保的特征和表现形式进行了简要介绍,独立担保的特征主要包括独立性、单据性、抽象性、无条件性及不可撤销性,其表现形式主要是独立保函和备用信用证。本章最后对独立担保和传统担保进行了比较,进一步指明了独立担保相对于传统担保的优势所在,重申了独立担保在经济生活中的重要性。第二章论述了我国独立担保制度的立法现状和法律适用存在的问题,重点从独立担保制度在我国适用存在的问题展开。本文认为独立担保制度在我国适用中涉及到的最主要的内容是认定标准、法律关系及欺诈例外三个方面。因此该章第一节论述了我国关于独立担保制度的立法现状,该节从独立担保制度国内适用效力的立法现状、争论焦点入手,解决了独立担保制度国内适用效力问题,结合独立担保制度在我国适用的三个方面,对其在我国法律中的体现进行了论述。该章最后一节论述了独立担保制度在我国适用存在的问题及法理分析,包括认定标准缺失问题、法律关系不明确问题、欺诈例外类型不全面问题,在对这三个问题进行法理分析上,本文认为在法理上导致问题出现的原因主要是对独立担保独立性特征认识不清、对独立担保法律性质认识错误及在无效民事行为理论下忽视了独立担保欺诈例外的内在价值。第三章是域外独立担保制度的适用比较研究。该章紧扣上文我国独立担保适用中存在的三个问题,在比较研究时也是重点对这三个问题进行域外比较,分别从大陆法系国家、英美法系国家及国际条约和国际惯例三个方面进行论述。通过比较分析,发现域外对这三个问题地认知或法律规定各有千秋。总结起来,域外在对独立担保的认识上都或多或少从独立担保对传统担保从属性突破方向进行分析,这为我国独立担保认定标准提供了一定的方向,即考虑从独立担保与传统担保在特征和属性上的本质不同上来建立我国独立担保认定标准;在对独立担保法律关系方面,独立担保的法律性质的明确对健康适用这一制度显得尤为重要,由于各国的国情及两大法系的背景不同,域外在对独立担保的法律性质方面并为达成统一的观点,我国在处理独立担保法律性质及法律关系问题上,应当结合我国的法律及理论,综合各个国家对这一问题的观点,妥善认识我国独立担保适用中独立担保法律性质及法律关系;在域外对独立担保欺诈例外规定方面,关于欺诈的概念及独立担保适用中的欺诈例外规则,各国都进行了相关规定,并在实践中有典型判例可参照,呈现出类型化的趋势,故而针对我国在处理独立担保欺诈例外上相关立法不全面,应当在认定独立担保欺诈例外问题上吸取外国的优秀经验,将独立担保欺诈例外进行类型化。第四章是完善独立担保制度在我国适用的建议。该章的目的是为了解决本文提出的三个问题,即独立担保国内适用中认定标准问题、法律关系问题、欺诈例外问题。第一节是完善独立担保认定标准,首先从法理上理清了独立担保独立性特征,将其与传统担保中的“相对独立性”区分开来。在此前提下明确了独立性条款应作为认定标准,具体论证了实践中独立性条款的分类及表现形式,为更好适用明确具体标准。该节最后论证了实践中从属性条款与独立性条款同时出现时的解释规则,为实践中出现的复杂情况确定识别标准。第二节是解决独立担保法律关系问题,结合本文前面章节的论述,在解决独立担保法律关系问题上应当首先从正确认识独立担保的法律性质入手,结合法理分析的前提下明确我国独立担保的法律性质为商事保证,将独立担保的法律关系置于商事活动的范围之内。其次,应当对传统保证与商事保证进行严格区分,明确独立担保的特殊性,从而更好地理清独立担保的法律关系。最后,在如何妥善处理独立担保法律关系问题上,应当注重商事活动的规律和原则,注重独立担保所体现的效率、公平、外观主义的规则和原则。第三节是完善独立担保欺诈例外的规定。该节首先从独立担保内在价值(公平价值与效率价值)的平衡谈起,在处理独立担保欺诈例外问题时应当权衡好其内在价值,从而更好地发挥独立担保制度的作用。另外,应当明确欺诈例外的类型,确立实质性单据欺诈为欺诈例外以及确立实质性欺诈的标准。最后,论述了完善独立担保下止付令适用的重要性,为实践中出现独立担保欺诈时的救济手段提出建议。
[Abstract]:Independent guarantee is the product of the development of civil and commercial activities. Because of its unique characteristics, independent guarantee breaks through the attribute of traditional guarantee, which makes up for the excessive defences of the guarantor in the traditional guarantee, the low efficiency of the payment and the complicated relief procedure, which has promoted the efficiency of the civil and commercial activities and can foresee the speed of demand. In the information age, independent guarantee will play a more important role and protect our country's economic development. With the implementation of China's reform and opening policy, foreign enterprises' investment and trading business in China has been rising in the 80s of last century, and in the process of economic communication between foreign enterprises and our country, China is in the early stage of opening up and domestic letter. With the lower level, the independent guarantee system originating in the West has also entered China with the implementation of the policy of reform and opening to the outside world. It was first carried out in the foreign business of China's banks and provided certain support for the early economic development of China's reform and opening to the outside world. The Supreme People's Court published "the Supreme People's Court about the trial" in November 18th.2016. The stipulation of several problems in the dispute case of the independent guarantee letter > the judicial interpretation marks the validity of the application of independent guarantee in our country's judicial practice. Independent guarantee has been developed for more than 30 years in our country. With the continuous development of our country's economy, its application in China is becoming more and more frequent. However, because of our legislation And the reasons for the unclear understanding of the relevant content and essential features of independent guarantee, the frequent problems and disputes in practice, resulting in the failure of this unique advantage in our country's economic development. Therefore, the research on the application of the independent guarantee system in our country is extremely important. The main contents and characteristics of the system are introduced and analyzed, the main problems in the application of the independent guarantee system in China are clarified, and the suggestions on the application of the independent guarantee system in China are put forward in combination with the provisions and studies of the independent guarantee in the typical countries of the two legal systems and international treaties and international conventions. The main structure of the article is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is the introduction of the basic theory of the independent guarantee system. Starting with the emergence of the independent guarantee, this chapter analyzes the inevitability and importance of the independent guarantee, defines the concept of independent guarantee, and defines the concept of the independent guarantee, which is the independent guarantee of this article, that is, the independent guarantee of this article. There are two forms of independent guarantee and standby letter of credit. Then the characteristics and forms of independent guarantee are briefly introduced. The characteristics of independent guarantee include independence, documents, abstractness, Unconditionality and irrevocability. The form of independent guarantee is independent guarantee and standby letter of credit. The general guarantee is compared, further points out the advantages of independent guarantee relative to the traditional guarantee, reaffirms the importance of independent guarantee in the economic life. The second chapter discusses the legislative status and the existing problems of the application of the independent guarantee system in our country, focusing on the existing problems of the independent guarantee system in our country. The main contents of the application of independent guarantee system in our country are the standard of identification, the legal relationship and the three aspects of fraud exception. Therefore, the first section of this chapter discusses the legislative status of the independent guarantee system in our country. This section begins with the legislative status of the applicable efficiency in the independent guarantee system and the focus of the argument, and solves the only one. In the three aspects of the application of independent guarantee system in China, the embodiment of the system of independent guarantee in our country is discussed. The last section of this chapter discusses the existing problems and legal analysis of the application of independent guarantee system in our country, including the problem of the lack of standard of identification, the unclear problem of legal relations, and the bullying. The type of fraud exception is not comprehensive. In the jurisprudential analysis of the three problems, this article holds that the main reason for the problem in jurisprudence is the unclear understanding of the independence of independent guarantee, the misunderstanding of the legal nature of independent guarantee and the inherent value of the independent guarantee fraud exception under the theory of invalid civil behavior. The third chapter is the comparative study of the application of the system of extraterritorial security. This chapter closely links the three problems in the application of the independent guarantee in our country. In the comparative study, it also focuses on the extraterritorial comparison of the three issues, respectively, from the three aspects of the civil law countries, the Anglo American law countries, the international treaties and international conventions. The comparative analysis shows that the recognition of the three issues and the legal provisions are varied. In summary, the extraterritorial knowledge of independent guarantee is more or less analyzed from the direction of the property breakthrough from the independent guarantee to the traditional guarantee, which provides a certain direction for the independent guarantee standard of our country, that is, to consider the independent guarantee and transmission. The legal nature of independent guarantee is particularly important for the application of the system of independent guarantee in terms of the nature of the characteristics and attributes, and the legal nature of the independent guarantee is particularly important to the application of this system. The legal nature of the independent guarantee is in the foreign countries because of the different national conditions and the differences between the two legal systems. In order to achieve a unified view, in dealing with the legal nature and legal relationship of independent guarantee, China should combine the laws and theories of our country to synthesize the views of each country on this issue, properly recognize the legal nature and legal relationship of independent guarantee in the application of independent guarantee in our country; the extraterritorial provisions of the independent guarantee fraud exception. With regard to the concept of fraud and the rules of fraud exception in the application of independent guarantee, all countries have carried out relevant regulations, and there are typical cases in practice which can be referred to, showing a trend of typization, so that the relevant legislation of independent guarantee fraud exceptions to our country should be identified as an independent guarantee fraud exception. The fourth chapter is to improve the application of the independent guarantee system in our country. The purpose of this chapter is to solve the three problems proposed in this article, namely, the standard problem, the legal system and the fraud exception. The first section is perfect. The standard of affirming guarantee is first clarified the independent character of independent guarantee from the jurisprudence, and distinguishes it from the "relative independence" in the traditional guarantee. Under this premise, the independence clause should be regarded as the standard of identification, and the classification and expression form of independence clause in practice are concretely demonstrated, so as to better apply the specific and specific standard. At the end of this section, it demonstrates the rules of interpretation from both the attribute clause and the independence clause in practice, and determines the recognition standard for the complicated situation in practice. The second section is to solve the problem of the legal relationship of independent guarantee. On the basis of the legal nature of independent guarantee, the legal nature of independent guarantee in China is defined as commercial guarantee under the premise of legal analysis. The legal relationship of independent guarantee is placed within the scope of commercial activities. Secondly, it is necessary to make a strict distinction between traditional guarantee and commercial guarantee and clear the particularity of independent guarantee so as to make a better geographical clear. The legal relationship of independent guarantee. Finally, on how to properly deal with the legal relationship of independent guarantee, we should pay attention to the rules and principles of commercial activities, pay attention to the rules and principles of efficiency, fairness, appearance, embodied in the independent guarantee. The third section is the regulation of the improvement of the independent guarantee fraud exception. The section begins with the intrinsic value of independent guarantee. In terms of the balance of fair value and efficiency value, the internal value of the independent guarantee fraud should be weighed well and the role of the system of independent guarantee should be better played. In addition, the types of fraud exceptions should be clearly defined, and the standard of substantive fraud for fraud and the establishment of substantive fraud should be established. The importance of perfecting the application of stop payment order under independent guarantee is described, and some suggestions are put forward for the relief measures in the practice of independent guarantee fraud.

【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.2

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