民法典编篡视野下胎儿利益保护研究

发布时间：2018-05-19 17:34

本文选题：胎儿利益 + 民事权利能力　；参考：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：胎儿作为人的完整生命的一个阶段,现在逐渐受到社会各界的广泛关注,而针对现在胎儿利益受到侵犯的案例逐渐增多、类型逐渐复杂,但我国法律中又没有关于胎儿利益保护的一般规定,我国法学者们逐渐将胎儿利益的保护立法提上日程,现阶段我国对于民法典总则的编纂中也已将胎儿利益的保护纳入其中,但是其仍有不足之处,因此,对于胎儿利益保护的立法完善在现阶段显得尤为迫切。本文运用比较分析法、历史研究法等分析方法,通过对各国关于胎儿利益的保护规定以及我国目前的相关规定和现状分析,以此来找到可行性的保护胎儿利益的措施,通过借鉴此方面的相关理论,来逐渐完善我国的立法。本文共包括五个部分:第一部分介绍了我国的五部民法典草案建议稿及民法总则草案关于胎儿利益的规定,通过对这六种不同规定的分析,总结了我国学者们对于此问题的争议点以及各种观点的不足之处。说明了当前我国对于胎儿利益的日益重视,但是为了实现胎儿利益的最佳实现,我们需要更加健全、合理的保护胎儿利益的法律规范。第二部分介绍了各国（地区）不同的立法模式,通过对总括保护主义、个别保护主义及绝对主义三种不同立法模式的详细描述,并对其进行比较分析,通过详细的论述,得出总括保护主义是保护胎儿利益的最佳立法模式,我国也应该采取此种体例,摒弃之前的绝对主义模式。第三部分主要分析胎儿是否应被赋予民事权利能力的问题。通过生物学基础、法理学基础及价值基础三种理论基础论证了应该赋予胎儿民事权利能力,并通过对法定停止条件说及法定解除条件说这两种学说的比较分析说明了胎儿具有权利能力的前提下其权利可以由其代理人代为行使,还论证了对于胎儿的民法保护必须以其活着出生为前提。第四部分通过列举介绍胎儿受到侵害的主要类型以及与自然人的现实差异来确定胎儿应受保护的利益范围:包括物质性人格利益、精神性人格利益及财产利益。第五部分通过对五部民法典草案建议稿及民法总则草案的评析,以及总结分析以上各种理论的优劣势,得出民法典制定过程中对胎儿利益保护的立法建议,即可以规定为:"凡涉及胎儿利益保护的,胎儿视为具有民事权利能力。但是,胎儿出生时未存活的,其民事权利能力自始不存在。"
[Abstract]:As a stage of human life, foetus has gradually been widely concerned by all walks of life, while the cases of infringing foetus interests are gradually increasing and the types are becoming more and more complicated. However, there are no general provisions on the protection of fetal interests in Chinese law. Chinese legal scholars have gradually put the legislation on the protection of fetal interests on the agenda. At this stage, the protection of fetal interests has also been included in the compilation of the general principles of the Civil Code in our country. However, there are still some shortcomings, so it is urgent to perfect the legislation of fetal interest protection. This paper uses comparative analysis, historical research and other analytical methods to find feasible measures to protect the interests of the fetus by analyzing the relevant regulations of various countries and the relevant regulations and current situation of our country, in order to find out the feasible measures to protect the interests of the fetus. By drawing lessons from the relevant theories in this respect, to gradually improve our legislation. This paper consists of five parts: the first part introduces the five drafts of the civil code and the draft of the civil law on fetal interests, through the analysis of the six different provisions. This paper summarizes the controversial points of Chinese scholars on this issue and the shortcomings of various viewpoints. It shows that our country pays more and more attention to the fetal interests, but in order to realize the best realization of the fetal interests, we need more perfect and reasonable legal norms to protect the fetal interests. The second part introduces the different legislative models of different countries (regions), through the detailed description of three different legislative models of umbrella protectionism, individual protectionism and absolutism, and carries on the comparative analysis to them, through the detailed discussion, It is concluded that umbrella protectionism is the best legislative model to protect the foetus' interests, and our country should also adopt this method and abandon the previous absolutism model. The third part mainly analyzes whether the fetus should be endowed with civil rights. Through the three theoretical bases of biology, jurisprudence and value, it is proved that foetus should be endowed with civil rights. And through the comparative analysis of the two theories of the legal suspension condition and the legal release condition theory, it is proved that the fetus's right can be exercised by its agent under the premise that the fetus has the right ability. It also demonstrates that the civil law protection of foetus must be based on its living birth. The fourth part defines the scope of interests that the fetus should be protected by enumerating the main types of infringing fetus and the actual differences with natural persons, including material personality interests, spiritual personality interests and property interests. In the fifth part, through the comments on the five drafts of the Civil Code and the draft of the General principles of Civil Law, as well as the conclusion and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the above theories, the legislative suggestions on the protection of the interests of the fetus in the course of the formulation of the Civil Code are obtained. That is to say, "where the interests of the fetus are protected, the fetus shall be regarded as capable of civil rights." However, if the fetus is not alive at birth, its capacity for civil rights does not exist from the outset. "
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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