日本学校体育伤害事故的民事责任研究

发布时间：2018-05-22 10:09

本文选题：过失 + 不法行为　；参考：《湘潭大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：日本学校体育伤害事故的民事责任追究的制度构建可以说是已经相对较为完善。日本政府从学校体育设施的建设到颁布配套学校基本法律、国家部门法、体育相关法律以及组建专门处理学校体育伤害事故的机构,采取了一系列的措施保障了学校体育活动的顺利开展。国家部门法主要有《日本民法》和《日本国家赔偿法》,而学校基本法律有诸如《日本学校安全协会法》、《学校健康中心法》、《国家体育场馆法》;而体育类法律有1961年颁布的《体育振兴法》、2002年日本重新修改制定的《独立行政法人日本体育振兴中心法》以及其配套的《独立行政法人日本体育振兴中心法实施令》与《有关独立行政法人日本体育振兴中心的省令》等。在众多的救济方式中,通过诉讼无疑是最普遍的救济方式。但日本并没有专门的侵权法,其关于侵权行为的核心法条主要规定在《日本民法》第709条至第724条,共16条。在《日本民法》的实施过程中,通过大量大判例和学说的不断演进,对日本侵权法理论起到了重要的补充作用。另外,《日本宪法》与《日本国家赔偿法》等公法也对日本侵权法理论起到了重要的补充作用,如战后修改的《日本宪法》第17条对国家工作人员因违法行为造成第三人蒙受损失,任何人都可以根据法律规定,向国家提起赔偿请求。而《日本国家赔偿法》于1948年颁布,总共只有6个条文,其主要规定了因国家工作人员执行公务行为的过失以及公共建筑物导致第三人损害的赔偿问题。在日本公立或者国立学校的教育的行为,被认为是一种非权力性质的公务行为,公立或者国立学校管理下的设施、设备等也认为是公共建造物,可以适用《日本国家赔偿法》。不过对于私立学校所发生的损害赔偿主要还是适用《日本民法》第709条的一般过失规定以及《日本民法》第415条“债务不履行责任”等。在学校法律体系中根据《国家体育场馆法》和《学校安全协会法》设立的日本学校安全协会和日本学校健康中心,对于促进校园体育的正常发展与赔偿额度的确定以及学校事故保险制度的构建起到了重要作用。体育本身存在固有风险,所以对于每一位参与体育运动的人而言,都对其所进行的运动有一大致的风险考量,在合理范围其接受了此种风险,也就是民法上所说的自甘风险。当然自甘风险并不是完全免除学校方的责任,毕竟学校和当事人之间在情报、经验、技术上是处于不对等的关系状态,学校要根据不同情况承担相应的“安全注意义务”,具体应该如何承担责任要从被害人的年龄、技术熟练度、所参与的运动的危险程度、当时的环境综合来考量。在被害人救济制度上,除了诉讼外,日本还有完备保险制度,如体育安全保险、学生教育研究灾害险、学校灾害互助保险、以及相关的责任保险等诸多方式,来保障被害学生能够得到及时的救助以及减轻学校应对体育伤害事故的经济压力。
[Abstract]:Japanese school sports injury accident civil liability investigation system can be said to be relatively perfect. The Japanese government from the construction of school sports facilities to the promulgation of supporting school basic laws, national department law, sports related laws and the establishment of specialized institutions to deal with school sports injury accidents, A series of measures were taken to ensure the smooth development of school sports activities. The basic laws of schools are the Japan School Safety Association Law, the School Health Center Law, the National Sports venues Law, and the Sports laws are 1961. The National Civil Law and the State compensation Law are the main laws of the State Department of Public Health, while the basic school laws are such as the Japan School Safety Association Act, the School Health centres Act, the National Sports venues Act, and the Sports laws of 1961. The "Sports Revitalization Law" promulgated by Japan in 2002, the "Japan Sports Revitalization Center Law" enacted by Japan as an independent administrative legal person in 2002, and its supporting "implementation order of the Japanese Sports Revitalization Center Law of Japan as an Independent Administrative legal person" and the "related Independent Operation" Political and legal person, Japanese Sports Revitalization Center, etc. Among the numerous remedies, litigation is undoubtedly the most common remedy. However, Japan does not have a special tort law. Its core law on tort is mainly stipulated in articles 709 to 724 of the Japanese Civil Code, a total of 16 articles. In the course of the implementation of Japanese Civil Law, through the continuous evolution of a large number of precedents and theories, it has played an important supplementary role to the Japanese Tort Law Theory. In addition, public law, such as the Constitution of Japan and the Japanese State compensation Law, also play an important role in supplementing the theory of Japanese tort law. If Article 17 of the Japanese Constitution, as amended after the war, causes a third person to suffer losses as a result of an illegal act, any person may, in accordance with the provisions of the law, file a claim for compensation with the State. The Japanese State compensation Law was promulgated in 1948, and there are only six articles, which mainly provide for the compensation of the damage caused by the third person caused by the public buildings and the negligence of the public functionary in the performance of official acts. An act of education in a public or state school in Japan is considered to be a public act of a non-power nature, and facilities, equipment, etc. under the administration of a public or state school are also considered to be public construction, which may be applied to the Japanese State compensation Law. However, for the damages caused by private schools, the general negligence provisions of Article 709 of the Japanese Civil Law and Article 415 of the Japanese Civil Law "Non-Performance of debts" are mainly applied. In the school legal system, the Japan School Safety Association and the Japanese School Health Centre, established under the National Stadium Law and the School Safety Association Act, It plays an important role in promoting the normal development of campus sports, determining the amount of compensation and the construction of school accident insurance system. Sports itself has inherent risks, so for everyone involved in sports, there is a general risk of their sports, in a reasonable range they accept this risk, that is, the civil law of the risk of self-indulgence. Of course, taking risks from oneself is not entirely exempt from the responsibility of the school authorities. After all, there is an unequal relationship between the school and the parties in terms of intelligence, experience, and technology. The school should bear the corresponding "duty of safety care" according to different circumstances. How should the responsibility be taken into account by the age of the victim, technical proficiency, the degree of danger of the sport involved, and the environment at that time. In terms of victim relief system, in addition to litigation, Japan also has a complete insurance system, such as sports safety insurance, student education and research disaster insurance, mutual aid insurance for school disasters, and related liability insurance, and so on. To ensure that the injured students can get timely assistance and reduce the financial pressure on schools to deal with sports injury accidents.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D931.3;DD913

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