无效法律行为转换制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 22:36

本文选题：无效法律行为 + 无效法律行为转换　；参考：《西北师范大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：法律行为制度(1)相对于成文法系国家而言,其重要性怎么强调都不为过,其是在对民法分则的相关制度进行归纳总结,并通过“提取公因式”的方式产生的。法律行为制度在现代民法中居于核心地位,它把民法的各个部分串联在一起,使其成为有机整体,可谓是民法的“一根红线”,是民法的“精髓”。法律行为制度以意思表示为核心,其在现实生活中起着两方面重要作用,第一是充分保障私法自治原则,即保障当事人的意思自治,使其意思表示充分发挥;第二是限制意思自治,即从社会公平正义的角度考虑,把当事人的民事活动纳入法律规定的框架中,使其符合社会的公平正义。从哲学的角度来讲,两个作用是既对立又统一的关系,对立中包含统一,统一中包含对立,即在保障中进行限制,在限制中进行保障。两个作用共同构成该制度的内在协调性,防止“过犹不及”。限制意思自治,主要是通过无效、效力待定和可撤销等初始效力体现出来的,其中以无效效力最为严厉,对当事人也最为不利。无效法律行为体现了国家干预性和国家限制性。当然,限制是有必要的,但限制也不能绝对扩大化,进而干涉意思自治甚至主导意思自治。对此,台湾政治大学曾世雄教授认为:“民法针对“无效之法律行为”,有两种基本上相互抵触之设计”。(2)无效法律行为制度是本文的基础和前提,该制度的固有弊端也是本文论述的逻辑起点。为了克服该制度的固有弊端以及对该制度的僵硬性进行软化处理,于是,无效法律行为转换制度横空出世。无效法律行为转换制度的功能和作用在于对无效法律行为制度进行软化处理,如此有利于保障意思自治、鼓励交易、维护社会公共利益、保障社会的公平正义。故无效法律行为转换制度是符合社会现实需要的。所以,有必要对无效法律行为转换的理论基础、方式、要件(重点是转换的途径要件)进行分析解读,使其规范化。本文采取了文献分析法、历史研究法、实证比较分析法以及逻辑分析和演绎等方法来对无效法律行为转换制度进行深刻阐述,并从法学理论和实证法相结合的角度,对我国关于该制度的理论学说和单行法律、法规和司法解释的规定进行归纳总结,并指出我国有必要对其进行立法上的规定。本文正文由四部分构成:第一部分,无效法律行为转换制度概述。首先,对无效法律行为概念和意义进行分析,并指出该制度设计的固有弊端所在,从而引出下文;其次,论述无效法律行为的转换及其意义所在。通过文献比较分析法,对多位学者对此制度的定义进行比较分析,得出自己对该制度的定义,并对该制度的意义、价值及其合理性进行简单阐述;再次,阐述无效法律行为转换制度的发端及其历史沿革。通过历史研究法,对古罗马法上的“无效民事行为复活”制度进行深度解剖,从罗马早期的注重交易形式到罗马后期的注重意思表示,“无效民事行为复活”制度运用而生。该制度产生后,对大陆法系各国产生深刻的影响,各国分别立法效仿,对该制度予以继承和移植。不仅如此,该制度也对英美法系国家产生影响。第二部分,无效法律行为转换制度域外立法启示。对两大法系的无效法律行为转换制度进行比较法上的研究,并从实证法角度,对两大法系各个国家的法律规定进行梳理,归纳和总结其相同点和不同点,并指出各自的优点和缺点,从而得出比较法上的启示。主要的启示有:该制度在各国的立法模式、转换的构成要件和适用范围大致相同。而共同的缺点是都没有对无效法律行为转换制度的背后理论进行探究,使该制度缺少本源的支撑。第三部分,无效法律行为转换制度的理论基础梳理。通过逻辑分析和演绎方法,对无效法律行为转换制度的理论基础进行梳理。俗话讲:“求木之长者,必固其根本”,任何具体的制度都是建立在一定的基础理论之上的,理论基础之于具体制度,好比地基之于大厦,离开了基础理论的支撑,具体制度就会成为“无地基之大厦”,整个制度都无法构建。无效法律行为转换制度同样需要相关理论基础的支撑,本文认为,无效法律行为转换制度以意思自治原则、鼓励交易原则、法律行为初始效力状态理论和无效法律行为撤销理论等四个原则或理论为理论基础,其中意思自治原则是从当事人的意思自治与国家实施干预相博弈角度进行论述;鼓励交易原则则是从社会效率角度进行论述的;法律行为初始效力状态理论则是从转换时间的角度来论述的;无效法律行为撤销理论则是从公平正义的角度出发,着重从保护弱势群体方面进行论述的。后续的转换方式和转换要件的论述均是建立在此基础之上的。第四部分,无效法律行为新型转换方式及构成要件的重新构建。首先,对无效法律行为的传统转换方式进行了批判,主张传统上的法律转换和解释转换存在不合理性,在进行适用时会产生概念混淆,甚至矛盾,并对“约定转换”形式予以抛弃,进而提出新的转换方式,即行为转换和效力转换;其次,在深入的分析原有构成要件理论和学说的基础之上,对无效法律行为转换的构成要件进行了重新构建,并提出“新三要件说”,即积极要件、消极要件和途径要件(1);再次,对“新三要件说”中途径要件进行类型化。通过对我国及各国实证法规定进行研究,利用“提起公因式”的方法进行归纳、总结,将转换途径进行类型化,以便实务操作。
[Abstract]:The legal act system (1) is not too important to emphasize the importance of the legal system, which is summed up in the relevant system of the civil law and by the way of "extracting the public factor". The legal act system is in the nuclear status in the modern civil law, which connects the various parts of the civil law. To make it an organic whole is a "red line" of civil law. It is the essence of civil law. The legal act system takes the meaning as the core. It plays two important roles in the real life. The first is to fully guarantee the principle of autonomy of private law, that is to guarantee the autonomy of the parties and make its meaning full play; and second is the limitation. Autonomy, which is considered from the angle of social justice and justice, integrates the civil activities of the parties into the framework of the legal provisions and makes it conform to the fair and justice of the society. From the philosophical point of view, the two functions are the opposite and unified relations, the unity is contained in the opposition, and the unity contains the opposites, that is, the limitation in the guarantee and the restriction. The two functions constitute the internal coordination of the system to prevent "overuse". To restrict the autonomy, it is mainly embodied in the initial effect, such as invalid, undetermined and revocable effect, which is the most severe and the worst for the parties. The invalid legal act embodies the state intervention and the state. Restrictive. Of course, restrictions are necessary, but the restrictions can not be absolutely expanded, and then interfering with the autonomy of the meaning and even the autonomy of the meaning. In this case, Professor Ceng Shixiong of the Political University of Taiwan believes that "civil law has two basically conflicting designs against" the legal act of "invalid". (2) the system of invalid legal behavior is the basis of this article. The inherent malpractice of the system is also the logical starting point of this article. In order to overcome the inherent malpractice of the system and soften the stiffness of the system, the system of invalid legal behavior conversion is passed out. The function and function of the invalid legal act conversion system is to soften the invalid legal behavior system. Handling, so as to guarantee the autonomy of the meaning, encourage the transaction, safeguard the social and public interests, and guarantee the fair and justice of the society. Therefore, the system of invalid legal act conversion is in conformity with the social reality. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and interpret the theoretical basis, the way and the important part of the transformation of the invalid legal behavior. It has adopted the methods of literature analysis, historical research, empirical comparative analysis and logic analysis and deduction to elaborate the invalid legal behavior transformation system, and from the angle of combining the legal theory and the empirical method, the theory and the single law, law, and judicial interpretation of the system in our country. In this paper, the text is made up of four parts. The text of this article is composed of four parts: the first part, an overview of the system of invalid legal behavior conversion. First, the concept and significance of the invalid legal behavior are analyzed, and the inherent drawbacks of the system design are pointed out, and then the following are elicited. Secondly, the discussion is made. The transformation of the invalid legal act and its significance. Through the comparative analysis of literature, the definition of the system is compared and analyzed, the definition of the system is drawn, and the significance, value and rationality of the system are briefly expounded. Again, the origin and historical evolution of the system of invalid legal action conversion is expounded. Through the historical study, the system of "resurrection of invalid civil behavior" in ancient Rome law was deeply dissected. From the early period of Rome to the attention of trading form to the attention of the late Rome, the system of "resurrection of invalid civil behavior" was born. After the system was produced, it has a profound influence on the countries of the grand land law system and the countries have established each other. The system will inherit and transplant the system. Not only that, the system also has an impact on the Anglo American legal system. The second part, the Enlightenment from the extraterritorial legislation of the ineffective legal act conversion system, the comparative legal study of the conversion system of the invalid legal behavior in the two legal systems, and the law of the two legal systems from the perspective of the empirical law. To sort out, sum up and sum up their similarities and differences, and to point out their respective advantages and shortcomings, and to draw a comparative legal inspiration. The main inspiration is that the system is roughly the same in the legislative mode of the country, the constituent elements of the conversion and the scope of application. In the third part, the theoretical basis of the system of invalid legal behavior conversion is combed. The theoretical basis of the system of invalid legal behavior conversion is combed through logical analysis and deduction. The saying goes: "the long of the wood seeking is fundamental", and any specific system is established. On the basis of a certain basic theory, the basis of the theory is like the concrete system, which is like the foundation of the building, leaving the support of the basic theory, the concrete system will become the "building without foundation", the whole system can not be constructed. The system of invalid legal behavior conversion also needs the support of the theoretical basis. This article believes that the invalid legal behavior is not valid. The system is based on four principles or theories, such as the principle of autonomy of the meaning, the principle of encouraging the transaction, the theory of the initial state of legal action and the theory of revocation of invalid legal behavior. The principle of autonomy is to discuss the angle of game between the autonomy of the parties and the intervention of the state, and the principle of encouraging the transaction is from the society. The theory of the initial effect of legal action is discussed from the angle of transition time; the theory of revocation of invalid legal behavior is from the angle of fairness and justice, focusing on the protection of the disadvantaged groups. The follow-up mode of conversion and the discussion of the conversion requirements are based on this basis. The fourth part, the new transformation method of invalid legal act and the re construction of the constitutive requirements. First, the traditional transformation of the invalid legal behavior is criticized, and the traditional legal conversion and interpretation conversion are unreasonable. In the case of application, there will be conceptual confusion, even contradictions, and the form of "agreement conversion" is given. In order to abandon, then put forward a new mode of conversion, namely, behavior conversion and effect conversion; secondly, on the basis of in-depth analysis of the original constitutive elements theory and theory, the constitutive requirements of the conversion of invalid legal behavior are rebuilt, and the "new three elements", that is, positive elements, negative elements and path elements (1); again, "The new three elements" is typed in the middle path. Through the study of the provisions of the empirical law of China and other countries, the method of "raising the public factor" is summarized and summed up, and the transformation approaches are typed in order to operate.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923

【相似文献】