儿童生存权研究

发布时间：2018-06-16 08:08

本文选题：生存权 + 儿童权利公约　；参考：《重庆大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：儿童的权利乃是人权之中具有特殊意义的问题,因此,对包括生存权在内的儿童权利进行研究,也是人权理论研究的重要组成部分。儿童的生存权是儿童权利中不可或缺且至关重要的基本权利。中国在1991加入联合国《儿童权利公约》之后,通过对该公约的吸收和转化,形成了我国的《中国未成年人保护法》以及相关法律、法规,对维护儿童生存权产生了重要影响,也为完善我国儿童保障体制提供了可供借鉴的内容和意义,我国的儿童生存权之保障也取得了显著成效。但是也应当看到,当下中国儿童的生存状况也有不容乐观的一面,儿童的生命权保障和生活条件保障仍旧是亟需关注的重大课题。儿童的生存权,是每一个儿童都应该享有的对自己生命权以及维持基本健康生活需求的生活条件保障权。它是作为“个人”的儿童的人权,而非集体人权。对儿童的生存权予以保障,具有重要的意义。因此,自20世纪以来,不仅许多国家的儿童立法对此加以规定,而且1989年联合国《儿童权利公约》的决议获得通过并被绝大多数国家加入,表明儿童权利尤其是生存权的发展进入了一个新的时代。具体观察中国对于儿童生存权的保障,在立法、执法、法律监督、监护制度以社会管理上都存在亟需解决的问题。在立法上,中国应完善宪法上关于儿童生存权的规定和保障机制;以《未成年人保护法》为核心,进一步完善儿童生存权的法律、法规;考虑建立儿童生存权(主要是生活条件保障权)的可诉机制。在执法上,应设置明确的儿童权利保护部门,并完善儿童生存权的执法机制。在法律监督上,完善有关的监督法律规范;建立独立、专业的专门监督机构;采取事前监督和事后监督相结合的监督方式。在监护制度上,主要的方向是以父母或监护人为对象,确立“父母责任”或“监护人责任”,以“责任”来替代“义务”。而在社会管理上,加强政府的财政投入,并发挥政府的支持、引导作用,让各种保护与救助儿童的组织以及个人有效发挥其作用。
[Abstract]:The rights of children are of special significance in human rights. Therefore, the study of the rights of children, including the right to existence, is an important part of the study of human rights theory. The right to existence of children is an essential and essential right in the rights of children. After 1991 China's accession to the United Nations Convention on the rights of the child, Through the absorption and transformation of the Convention, the protection law of Chinese Minors and relevant laws and regulations have been formed, which have an important influence on the protection of the right to subsistence of children, as well as the content and significance for the improvement of the system of children's security in our country. But the guarantee of the right to survival of children in our country has also achieved remarkable results. It should also be seen that the living conditions of the children in China are also not optimistic. The protection of the right to life and the guarantee of the living conditions are still a major concern. The right to live is the right to guarantee the living conditions that every child should enjoy to the right to life and to maintain the needs of the basic healthy life. As the human rights of "individual" children, not collective human rights, it is important to guarantee the right to the survival of children. Since twentieth Century, not only has children's legislation in many countries has been stipulated, but the resolution of the United Nations Convention on the rights of the child in 1989 has been adopted and joined by the vast majority of countries, indicating the rights of children. The development of the right of survival, especially the right to survival, has entered a new era. In the legislation, the law enforcement, the legal supervision, the guardianship system and the social management, there are some urgent problems to be solved in China. In legislation, China should improve the Constitution and the guarantee mechanism of the child's right of child survival. The protection law is the core, further perfecting the laws and regulations of children's right to existence, and considering the establishment of the prosecution mechanism for the right to subsistence of children (mainly the right of living conditions). In law enforcement, a clear protection department for children's rights should be set up, and the law enforcement mechanism of children's right to existence should be perfected. Independent, specialized supervision institutions; the supervision mode combining pre supervision with post supervision. In the guardianship system, the main direction is to establish "parental responsibility" or "Guardian's responsibility" as the object of parents or guardians, to replace "duty" by "responsibility", and to strengthen the government's financial input in social management. We should give full play to the government's support and guidance, so that organizations and individuals who protect and help children can play their role effectively.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.183

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