基因检测中的民法问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-16 17:20

本文选题：基因检测 + 民法分析　；参考：《江西财经大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：如今,我国基因检测技术不断发展,越来越多的人认识与享受到这一技术带来的巨大福祉,如通过基因检测发现缺陷基因并进行基因疾病治疗、在意外事故及刑事侦查中鉴定个体身份、甚至可以通过该检测对幼儿进行才能天赋鉴定以更好的培养幼儿。但是,我们也看到了基因检测技术引起了诸多法律问题,如就业与保险歧视、基因信息的不合理使用、被检测者的权利侵害等等。这些问题迫切的需要我们法律进行调整和解决,而目前我国法律对于基因检测相关问题的法律规定还较少、层级也不够高,不能够很好的调整这一新型的法律关系。在上述背景下,文章从基因检测的基本理论着手,通过对基因检测法律关系的梳理,明确基因检测中涉及的主体为检测方:基因检测服务机构、基因检测科研机构及刑事鉴定机构;被检测方:消费者、受测志愿者及犯罪嫌疑人;所涉及客体为基因物质及基因信息,但二者的本质均属于基因,且具有一体性。分析了脱离人身的基因物质的物之属性、基因信息的人格权属性及财产利益属性和基因的可专利性;涉及的内容为基因检测方专利权、告知义务、保密义务、妥善处理剩余生物材料的义务,被检测方的脱离人体基因物质之所有权、基因隐私权、基因平等权、自主决定权、如实提供自己信息的义务和合理利用义务。以此为出发点,明确了对被检测方的法律保护制度,可以将基因权利纳入人格权法的保护范围内,设立《基因检测法》等专门立法,且通过明确检测方的民事责任,规范基因检测行业,妥善保护被检测方之权利。针对基因检测中被检测方保护的特殊问题予以列举,并逐一分析解决。对于基因信息的合理使用,认为应确立基因合理使用的基本原则,包括权利主体同意、目的确定、来源正当、安全保密及过程监督原则,且需要明确基因信息的使用不可侵犯第三方的利益和社会的公共利益的限度。对于基因信息提供者分享知识产权中的财产利益的问题,认为可以通过让渡基因信息使用权的方式,参与有关知识产权利益分享。且可以通过PEX利益分享模式及制定相应公平分配的规则,确保基因信息提供者享受到财产的利益的分配。
[Abstract]:Nowadays, with the continuous development of gene detection technology in China, more and more people realize and enjoy the great benefits brought by this technology, such as the discovery of defective genes and the treatment of genetic diseases through genetic testing. In accident and criminal investigation, the identification of individual can even be used to identify the talent of young children in order to better train children. However, we also see that genetic testing technology has caused many legal problems, such as discrimination in employment and insurance, irrational use of genetic information, infringement of the rights of the tested person, and so on. These problems urgently need to be adjusted and solved by our law, but at present, there are few legal provisions on genetic testing related problems in our law, and the level is not high enough, so we can not adjust this new legal relationship very well. Under the above background, the article begins with the basic theory of gene detection, through combing the legal relationship of gene detection, it is clear that the main body involved in gene detection is the testing party: gene detection service organization. Gene detection research institutions and criminal identification institutions; tested parties: consumers, volunteers and criminal suspects; the object involved is genetic substances and genetic information, but the essence of both belong to genes, and have a unity. This paper analyzes the property of genetic material, the attribute of personality right of genetic information, the attribute of property benefit and the patentability of gene. The obligation to properly deal with residual biomaterials, the obligations of the tested party to disengage from the ownership of human genetic material, the right to genetic privacy, the right to genetic equality, the right to decide independently, the obligation to provide truthful information and the obligation to use it reasonably. Taking this as a starting point, it clarifies the legal protection system for the tested party, can bring the gene rights into the protection scope of the personality right law, sets up special legislation, such as the Gene Test Law, and makes clear the civil liability of the examiner. Regulate the genetic testing industry and properly protect the right to be tested for Fang Zhi. The special problems about the protection of the tested party in gene detection are listed and analyzed one by one. For the rational use of genetic information, it is considered that the basic principles for the rational use of genes should be established, including the consent of the subject of the right, the determination of the purpose, the proper source, the principle of safety and confidentiality, and the principles of process supervision, And it is necessary to define the limits of the use of genetic information that is inviolable to the interests of third parties and the public interest of society. In view of the problem that genetic information providers share property interests in intellectual property rights, it is considered that it is possible to participate in the sharing of intellectual property rights by transferring the right to use genetic information. The PEX benefit sharing model and the corresponding rules of fair distribution can be used to ensure that genetic information providers enjoy the distribution of property benefits.
【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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