我国特留份法律制度立法刍论

发布时间：2018-06-16 18:18

本文选题：继承 + 特留份制度　；参考：《安徽大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：从颁布时算起,《继承法》在中国已经走过了三十年。这三十年是中国变化最快的三十年,而社会的变化使得《继承法》的滞后性越来越明显,缺陷性日渐突出,基于此社会呼唤修订这部法律。分析当前学术界关注的热点,可以将其概括为：遗产范围之扩大化、遗嘱继承的变更、遗赠的认定、丧失继承权、法定继承人于顺序方面的调整、于范围上的进一步扩大,还有特留份额。本研究研究的主题放置于特留份额之上,追溯与其相关的法律发展史、分析其含义、剖析其特征、解读其作用、比较各国对其的具体法律规定,进而明确中国继承法中设立特留份制度之必需和必要性,并且对这一制度与我国的设立给出自己的设想。遗嘱继承必须要遵循的一个重要原则为遗嘱自由,但是考虑社会秩序以及公平正义的要求,再加上对家庭伦理性的考量,遗嘱自由也要受制于一定的条件。不但要对遗嘱自由予以很好的保障,同时还要对遗嘱订立者的抚养抚育人予以基本的生活保障。有基于此,特留份制度广泛的见诸于世界诸国的相关法律规定之中。中国法学界有部分学者将我国《继承法》里关于“双缺”人以及胎儿保留的相关规定视为特留份制度。社会发展呼吁修订继承法。那么权衡比较我国现行的必留份和国外通行的特留份,得出有无必要将特留份引入我国?如果需要,怎么样将其引入?如何设立?怎样健全?这些都是继承法修订之前必须要予以深入探讨的具体问题。考虑到中国从来没有设立过特留份制度,该制度在中国仍然属于学术界的探讨范围,所以本研究选择比较法予以分析考量。为了在中国构建起更为完备的特留份制度,这里会参阅世界诸国对这一话题的相关立法,借助比较世界诸国的研究得出应该让遗嘱必留份与遗赠特留份并行存在,也就是借助必留份制度照顾继承人中处于弱势群体的一方,借助抚养主义完善并发展必留份。处于平衡不同继承利益主体的目的,本研究建议将特留份引入国内,通过法定继承这一主义对被继承人的权义予以很好的保护,这样基于抚养需要的继承以及法定继承的公平性就可以得到很好的平衡。世界诸国中日、法两国对此的规定选择的为法定继承；德国倾向于遗嘱继承。发展到现代社会,我国在修订继承法的时候,如果要构建起完善的特留份制度,需要对被抚养人主义予以充分考量基础上进行完善,避免法律规定的不合理。英美法系对此的规定是明确了抚养主义的中心地位,我国截至到目前还没有予以构建,所以一经构建就必须要将不当影响去除。同时借助遗嘱必留份与遗赠特留份的并行,日、法两国立法造成的消极影响也可以得到避免,还不会和中国现行的法律之间产生冲突和矛盾,造成修订后司法适用的不能适从。
[Abstract]:It has been thirty years since the promulgation of the inheritance Law in China. These 30 years are the fastest changing in China, and the social changes make the lag of inheritance Law become more and more obvious, and the defects become more and more prominent. Therefore, the society calls for the revision of this law. It can be summarized as: the expansion of the scope of inheritance, the change of testamentary succession, the determination of legacies, the loss of inheritance, the adjustment of the order of legal heirs, and the further expansion of the scope. There is also a spare share. The theme of this study is placed on the special share, tracing back to its relevant legal development history, analyzing its meaning, analyzing its characteristics, interpreting its function, comparing the specific legal provisions of various countries. Furthermore, the necessity and necessity of establishing the special retention system in Chinese inheritance law are clarified, and some tentative ideas are put forward for this system and the establishment of our country. One of the important principles that testamentary succession must follow is the freedom of will, but considering the requirements of social order, fairness and justice, and the consideration of family ethics, the freedom of will is also subject to certain conditions. It is necessary not only to guarantee the freedom of wills, but also to guarantee the maintenance and care of testaments. Based on this, the retention system is widely found in the relevant laws and regulations of all countries in the world. Some scholars in Chinese legal circles regard the relevant provisions of "double deficiency" and fetal reservation as special retention system in inheritance Law of China. Social development calls for revision of inheritance laws. Then the balance between China's existing must be retained portion and foreign passage of the special reservation, draw a conclusion that there is no need to introduce special retention into our country? If so, how do you introduce it? How to set up? How sound? These are the specific problems that must be explored in depth before the amendment of inheritance law. In view of the fact that China has never set up the retention system, this system is still within the scope of academic research in China, so this study chooses comparative method to analyze and consider. In order to build a more complete system of special retention in China, we will refer to the relevant legislation on this subject in the world. With the help of comparative studies in the world, we can draw a conclusion that we should allow the testamentary to exist in parallel with the legacy. That is to take care of the vulnerable group in the heirs with the help of the system of mandatory retention, and to improve and develop the necessary share with the help of the principle of upbringing. In order to balance the interests of different inheritance, this study suggests to introduce the special portion into the country, and to protect the right of the heirs through the doctrine of legal inheritance. In this way, the inheritance based on dependency needs and the fairness of legal inheritance can be well balanced. In all countries of the world, China and Japan, France and France chose legal succession; Germany preferred testamentary succession. With the development of modern society, if we want to set up a perfect system of retention in succession law, we need to perfect it on the basis of full consideration of the principle of dependant, and avoid the unreasonable stipulation of the law. The stipulation of Anglo-American law system is the central position of dependency doctrine, so we must remove the improper influence once it is constructed. At the same time, with the help of the coexistence of the will and the legacy, the negative effects of the legislation of France and France can also be avoided, and there will not be conflicts and contradictions between the existing laws of China and that of the revised judicial application.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.5

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