人体冷冻胚胎法律问题研究
发布时间：2018-08-03 19:27
【摘要】：胚胎冻融技术的应用导致了大量剩余冷冻胚胎的产生,由此引发的法律问题也愈演愈烈。胚胎的法律属性包括主体说、客体说、中间说三种理论主张,在我国占主导地位的是客体说中的“伦理物”观点,也有一部分学者主张打破民法二元划分理论,坚持用由物向人过渡的中间说来认定胚胎的法律属性。胚胎保护的实际是对人类尊严的维护,作为权利客体的伦理物观点能够给胚胎法律问题的解决提供更好的途径,没有必要打破现行民法体系单列出中间体的概念和规范结构;胚胎在夫妻法律关系存续时为二人共有,在婚姻关系发生变动时,一般情况下不生育的权利优先于生育的主张;胚胎虽然是权利客体,但因其独特的人格属性和生育权利益,不能够被用于继承。在使用捐卵或捐精进行体外受精手术时,应当确立法律上的父母优于基因父母为原则的亲子关系;围绕代孕问题虽然有不同的理论争议,但依然要坚持我国禁止代孕的法律规则;在美国,胚胎收养成为一个新的理论和实践命题,我国也可以适度的借鉴胚胎收养的制度规则,扩大传统收养方式。我国胚胎的立法由卫生部或联合科技部颁布的行政规章组成,立法条文粗陋,效力层级较低,不适应当代突飞猛进的技术发展。我国未来的胚胎立法要坚持在以人为本的立法原则下,通过补充民事立法内容确立横向的立法规范,提高胚胎立法的效力层级。
[Abstract]:The application of embryo freezing and thawing technology has led to the production of a large number of remaining frozen embryos, and the legal problems arising therefrom are becoming more and more serious. The legal attribute of embryo includes the theory of subject, the theory of object, the theory of middle, the view of "ethics" in the theory of object, and some scholars advocate to break the theory of dualistic division of civil law. Insist on the legal nature of the embryo in the middle of the transition from substance to person. The protection of embryos is actually the maintenance of human dignity. The viewpoint of ethics as the object of right can provide a better way to solve the legal problems of embryos, and it is not necessary to break the concept and normative structure of intermediates listed in the current civil law system. The embryo is shared by two people when the legal relationship of husband and wife exists. When the marriage relationship changes, the right of non-fertility takes precedence over the claim of reproduction. Although the embryo is the object of right, it is due to its unique personality attribute and the interest of reproductive right. Cannot be used for inheritance. In the use of egg donation or sperm donation for in vitro fertilization, parent-child relationships that are legally superior to genetic parents should be established; although there are different theoretical controversies surrounding surrogacy, In the United States, embryo adoption has become a new theoretical and practical proposition, and our country can draw lessons from the institutional rules of embryo adoption and expand the traditional adoptions. The legislation of embryo in China consists of administrative regulations issued by the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Science and Technology. The legislative provisions are crude and the level of effectiveness is low, which is not suitable for the rapid development of modern technology. The future embryo legislation of our country should adhere to the principle of people-oriented legislation and establish horizontal legislative norms by supplementing the contents of civil legislation so as to improve the level of effectiveness of embryo legislation.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923
[Abstract]:The application of embryo freezing and thawing technology has led to the production of a large number of remaining frozen embryos, and the legal problems arising therefrom are becoming more and more serious. The legal attribute of embryo includes the theory of subject, the theory of object, the theory of middle, the view of "ethics" in the theory of object, and some scholars advocate to break the theory of dualistic division of civil law. Insist on the legal nature of the embryo in the middle of the transition from substance to person. The protection of embryos is actually the maintenance of human dignity. The viewpoint of ethics as the object of right can provide a better way to solve the legal problems of embryos, and it is not necessary to break the concept and normative structure of intermediates listed in the current civil law system. The embryo is shared by two people when the legal relationship of husband and wife exists. When the marriage relationship changes, the right of non-fertility takes precedence over the claim of reproduction. Although the embryo is the object of right, it is due to its unique personality attribute and the interest of reproductive right. Cannot be used for inheritance. In the use of egg donation or sperm donation for in vitro fertilization, parent-child relationships that are legally superior to genetic parents should be established; although there are different theoretical controversies surrounding surrogacy, In the United States, embryo adoption has become a new theoretical and practical proposition, and our country can draw lessons from the institutional rules of embryo adoption and expand the traditional adoptions. The legislation of embryo in China consists of administrative regulations issued by the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Science and Technology. The legislative provisions are crude and the level of effectiveness is low, which is not suitable for the rapid development of modern technology. The future embryo legislation of our country should adhere to the principle of people-oriented legislation and establish horizontal legislative norms by supplementing the contents of civil legislation so as to improve the level of effectiveness of embryo legislation.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923
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