论第三人利益合同中第三人的介入对当事人双方主要合同权利的影响

发布时间：2018-08-17 18:48

【摘要】：第三人利益合同,是指合同当事人双方约定由合同外的第三人直接享有合同利益、享有合同债权,且第三人因之直接取得对债务人的给付请求权。第三人利益合同制度体现了对合同相对性的突破和冲击,其本质特征就在于将合同权利和利益直接赋予给合同外的第三人,形式上将传统合同的“二人模式”转变为了一种全新的“三人模式”,合同效力扩张到了合同外的第三人。在这种独特的合同模式之下,合同当事人双方原有的合同权利必然随着第三人的介入而发生变化。之前诸多的学术研究或是将重点放在第三人利益合同制度本身的理论研究上,或是放在第三人利益合同的制度设计上,大多数学者的研究重点和视角都集中在第三人合同权利和合同利益的保护上,对因第三人的介入而导致合同原有当事人合同权利的变化则研究较少。实际上,在第三人利益合同中,因第三人的介入,合同原有当事人的合同权利较之于传统合同模式下的合同权利而言,无论是权利的内容,还是权利的具体行使方式等诸多方面,都发生了明显的变化,诸如合同债权人固有的给付请求权的变化、损害赔偿请求权的变化,合同债务人享有的抗辩权的变化,以及双方当事人均享有的合同撤销、变更和解除权的变化等等。第三人利益合同固然强调对受益第三人的权利和利益进行全面的重视和保护,但这不意味着原当事人双方的合同权利就应被忽视,第三人对合同的直接介入从诸多方面对当事人原有的合同权利进行了冲击和影响,我们应当从中发现这些权利的变化,以期更好地维护和保障各方权利的行使,才能真正做到对第三人利益合同中各方利益的平衡保护,这也是符合当代社会强调实质正义、诚实信用的时代背景的要求的。因此,有必要对因第三人的介入给当事人双方主要合同权利带来的变化和影响进行深入的研究和探讨。故本文从分析第三人利益合同的法律关系和背后的原因关系入手,在厘清三方关系的基础上,结合分析所介入的第三方合同权利和利益的具体内容,对原有合同债权人和债务人的主要合同权利的变化逐一进行探讨和研究,包括对债权人给付请求权的影响、对债权人受领和保有给付权利的影响以及对债权人救济性请求权的影响、债务人抗辩权利的影响以及对当事人双方变更和解除合同权利的影响等诸多方面的分析,在对比大陆法系和英美法系的立法和司法态度的基础之上,进一步结合我国的立法和司法实践现状进行深入剖析,以期更好地维护各方的利益平衡,实现最终的公平正义。
[Abstract]:The contract of the benefit of the third party means that the parties to the contract agree that the third party outside the contract shall enjoy the contract interest directly and enjoy the contractual creditor's rights, for which the third party shall directly acquire the right of claim for payment to the debtor. The contract system of the third party's interests embodies the breakthrough and impact on the relativity of the contract, and its essential characteristic is that the contract rights and interests are given directly to the third party outside the contract. In form, the "two-person mode" of the traditional contract has been transformed into a new "three-party mode", and the validity of the contract has expanded to the third party outside the contract. Under this unique contract mode, the original contractual rights of the parties to the contract must change with the intervention of the third party. Many previous academic studies have either focused on the theoretical study of the contract system of the interests of the third party itself or on the institutional design of the contract for the benefit of the third party. Most scholars focus on the protection of the contractual rights and interests of the third party, but there is little research on the change of the contract rights of the original parties due to the intervention of the third party. In fact, in the contract of the benefit of the third party, because of the intervention of the third party, the contract right of the original party in the contract is compared with the contract right under the traditional contract mode, whether it is the content of the right, There have been obvious changes in many aspects, such as the inherent right of the contract creditor to claim for payment, the change of the right to claim for damages, the change of the right of defense enjoyed by the debtor of the contract, and so on. And both parties are entitled to rescission of the contract, change and rescission rights and so on. While the third party interest contract emphasizes the comprehensive attention and protection of the rights and interests of the beneficial third party, it does not mean that the contractual rights of the original parties should be ignored. The direct involvement of the third party in the contract impacts and influences the parties' original contractual rights in many aspects. We should find out the changes of these rights in order to better safeguard and guarantee the exercise of the rights of all parties. Only then can the interests of the third party in the contract be balanced and protected, which is also in line with the need of the contemporary society to emphasize the essential justice and the background of honesty and credit. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply study and discuss the changes and effects brought by the intervention of the third party to the main contractual rights of both parties. Therefore, this paper begins with the analysis of the legal relationship and the cause relationship of the third party's interest contract, and on the basis of clarifying the tripartite relationship, combined with the analysis of the specific contents of the third party's contract rights and interests. The changes in the main contractual rights of creditors and debtors in the original contract are discussed and studied one by one, including the impact on the creditor's right to claim for payment. The impact on the creditor's right to receive and retain the payment, the impact on the creditor's remedy claim, the influence of the debtor's right of defense, and the influence on the parties' right to change and rescind the contract, etc. On the basis of comparing the legislative and judicial attitudes of the civil law system and the Anglo-American legal system, this paper further analyzes the current situation of our country's legislation and judicial practice in order to better maintain the balance of the interests of all parties and realize the ultimate fairness and justice.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.6

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