惩罚性赔偿制度质疑——兼评《侵权责任法》第47条

发布时间：2018-08-24 17:05

【摘要】：引进惩罚性赔偿制度的主要目的是:惩罚恶意的侵权人,补偿受害人。但是,由于惩罚性赔偿金的数额难以科学计算,惩罚性赔偿适用条件苛刻,惩罚性赔偿不仅没有达到惩罚恶意侵权人的目的,反而可能伤及"无辜"。以受害人的损害结果作为加害人承担惩罚性赔偿责任的条件,造成同样的主观恶意,承担不同的法律责任。惩罚性赔偿可能与行政罚款和刑事罚金同时并存,导致一事双罚或三罚,违背过罚相当原则。另外,从现行有关惩罚性赔偿制度立法来看,惩罚性赔偿既适用于故意的侵权责任,也适用于重大过失的侵权责任,既适用于违约责任,也适用于违反强制性法律规定的法定责任。但迄今未能从理论上论证惩罚性赔偿适用的具体范围。之所以如此,是因为学界将经济法学的奖励制度,当作惩罚性赔偿制度,将奖励制度弥补政府监管失灵,误认为是惩罚侵权人、补偿受害人、教育其他人所致。
[Abstract]:The main purpose of introducing punitive damages system is to punish malicious infringers and compensate the victims. However, because the amount of punitive damages is difficult to calculate scientifically and the applicable conditions of punitive damages are harsh, punitive damages not only do not achieve the purpose of punishing malicious infringers, but may injure "innocence". Taking the damage result of the victim as the condition for the offender to bear the punitive liability causes the same subjective malice and different legal liability. Punitive damages may coexist with administrative fines and criminal fines, leading to a double or three penalties, which violates the principle of equivalent punishment. In addition, from the current legislation of punitive damages system, punitive damages not only apply to intentional tort liability, but also to gross negligence tort liability, which is applicable to breach of contract liability. It also applies to statutory liability for breaches of mandatory laws. So far, however, the scope of application of punitive damages has not been demonstrated theoretically. The reason is that the academic circles regard the reward system of economic law as the system of punitive damages, and make up for the failure of government supervision, which is mistaken for punishing the infringer, compensating the victim and educating other people.
【作者单位】：同济大学法学院;
【基金】：同济大学人文社会科学跨学科团队项目《城镇化与法律研究》(20142877)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：D923

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