农村动产浮动抵押货款的风险防范研究

发布时间：2018-08-25 09:24

【摘要】：英格兰作为英美法系的发源地,国内普通法和衡平法先后发展,并行不悖。其中衡平法院在长期的司法实践中发展出一项特殊抵押制度——浮动抵押。这项制度的特殊之处在于抵押物的时间和范围都有所突破。在时间方面,抵押物可以是现实存在的,也可以是预期取得的财产。在范围方面,抵押物不需转移给债权人占有,仍可以由抵押人继续占有,用于日常生产经营,并在需要的时候可以自由处置。浮动抵押法律制度一经确立,就以其特殊性扩大到美国、日本等英美法系国家,得到广泛适用,大陆法系国家也充分借鉴其制度优点加以完善,以期在本国得到适用。2007年3月16日,《中华人民共和国物权法》正式颁布实施,这部社会主义市场经济法制体系最为重要的法律,在其第四编“担保物权”中,对浮动抵押进行了定义,规定三类主体(企业、个体工商户、农业生产经营者)可在四类客体(生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品),可在现有的以及将有的上设定抵押,标志着我国正式引入浮动抵押制度。“三农”问题是我国金融改革着力解决的重要领域,但同时也是我国金融服务的薄弱环节。目前农村金融最基本的矛盾是金融供给与金融需求的矛盾,现有农村金融体系中金融资源有限,金融工具单一,金融环境不良,难以向农民提供充足有效的金融服务,而农村融资难的一个重要原因就是农村市场有效担保物不足。我国以往的担保制度在设计上倾向于在不动产上设定担保,相对弱化对动产设定担保物权,这与我国整体经济发展水平是密切相关的。虽然经过30多年的改革开放,我国经济发展步入快车道,但城乡发展不平衡等问题仍未得到有效改善。我国农村经济整体发展较慢,基于农村土地集体所有制度下,农民自身拥有的宅基地、农房等不动产由于交易制度限制,没有足够变现能力；农村常见的土地承包经营权虽有政策支持,但法律支持尚未跟上,价值评估和权利流转尚未健全,这些都不是理想的担保物。因此农业、农村、农民所有的丰富动产资源就成为农村担保物改革创新的重要指向。《中华人民共和国物权法》颁布、实施后,扩大了动产抵押担保物的范围,第一百八十一条规定的“生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品可以抵押”,为动产担保提供了制度支持,为缓解农村融资难问题拓展了思路。研究农村动产浮动抵押贷款的风险防范问题,对如何使我国担保法律制度得到更有效的适用、如何使银行信贷风险得到更有效的把控、如何使农村经济发展、农业规模扩大、农民生活改善都有一定的意义。本文主要以《中华人民共和国物权法》为主,逐本溯源,从浮动抵押制度的历史及法律特征出发,联系我国社会主义经济发展实际,分析我国动产浮动抵押法律制度的优点和不足,进一步探讨银行在农村开展动产浮动抵押贷款业务时可能影响资金安全的各种风险,以及在现有经济环境和法律制度下可以采取哪些有效的防范措施,最终实现既能充分满足农业生产经营者的发展需求,又能有效把控银行经营风险,为农村金融创新、农业发展改革提供思路。
[Abstract]:As the birthplace of the Anglo-American law system, the common law and the equity law in England developed successively and went hand in hand. In the long-term judicial practice, the Equitable Court developed a special mortgage system-floating charge. As far as the scope is concerned, the collateral can still be used by the mortgagor for daily production and operation without transferring to the creditor, and can be disposed of freely when necessary. Once the floating charge legal system is established, it is extended to the United States, Japan and other Anglo-American laws with its particularity. On March 16, 2007, the Property Law of the People's Republic of China was officially promulgated and implemented, which is the most important law in the legal system of the socialist market economy. In the fourth part of the law, the floating set-off was applied to the real right of security. The definition of mortgage stipulates that three types of subjects (enterprises, individual industrial and commercial households, agricultural producers) can be mortgaged on four types of objects (production equipment, raw materials, semi-finished products, products), which indicates that floating mortgage system is formally introduced into China. At present, the most basic contradiction of rural finance is the contradiction between financial supply and financial demand. In the existing rural financial system, financial resources are limited, financial instruments are single, financial environment is bad, it is difficult to provide sufficient and effective financial services to farmers, and rural financing is an important reason for the difficulty. Because of the insufficiency of effective collateral in the rural market, China's previous security system tended to set up security in real estate and weaken the creation of security rights in movable property. This is closely related to the overall level of economic development in China. Although after 30 years of reform and opening up, China's economic development has entered a fast lane, but urban and rural development. The overall development of China's rural economy is relatively slow. Based on the collective ownership system of rural land, the real estate owned by peasants, such as homestead, farmhouse and so on, has not enough liquidity because of the restriction of the transaction system. Although the common rural land contractual management rights have policy support, the legal support has not yet been provided. Therefore, the abundant chattel resources owned by agriculture, rural areas and peasants have become an important direction for the reform and innovation of rural collateral. After the promulgation of the Property Law of the People's Republic of China, the scope of chattel collateral has been expanded with the implementation of Article 181. The fixed "production equipment, raw materials, semi-finished products, products can be mortgaged" provides system support for chattel security, and broadens the train of thought for alleviating the rural financing difficulties. It is of certain significance to control the rural economy more effectively, to enlarge the scale of agriculture and to improve the peasants'life. This paper mainly focuses on the Property Law of the People's Republic of China, traces the origin one by one, and analyzes the floating charge of movable property in China from the historical and legal characteristics of the floating charge system. Advantages and shortcomings of the legal system, further explore the risks that banks may affect the security of funds when they carry out movable property floating mortgage loan business in rural areas, and what effective preventive measures can be taken under the existing economic environment and legal system to achieve the ultimate goal of meeting the development needs of agricultural producers and managers, but also can We should effectively control the risk of bank operation and provide ideas for rural financial innovation and agricultural development and reform.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.2

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