北欧著作权延伸集体管理制度可借鉴性研究

发布时间：2018-08-28 11:05

【摘要】：诞生于19世纪30年代的著作权集体管理制度自产生之时就被认为是维护并代表权利人利益的组织对著作权和相关权的一种行使方式。在传统著作权集体管理制度之下,著作权人自愿加入集体管理组织,自愿将作品与相关著作权利委托给集体管理组织管理,这种自愿性的管理方式是出于对私权的尊重。然而,随着传播方式的变革,传统集体管理制度逐渐无法适应数字化技术对著作权体系带来的冲击,无法满足网络时代下对作品海量许可的要求,由此一种变异的集体管理制度逐渐进入我们的视野。这种发端于上个世纪六十年代北欧各国的延伸性集体管理制度,被认为是自愿集体管理制度与强制性集体管理制度的“混血儿”。延伸性集体管理规定以及基于此规定所产生的延伸性集体管理合同一同在应对传播范式的变革中为保护著作权利人的专有权利、促进作品传播与激励创新开辟了一条新的道路。虽然延伸集体管理制度从其产生至今已经有近五十年的发展历程,但与自愿集体管理制度在全世界的广泛使用所不同的是,该制度的适用范围仍然主要局限在北欧五国,因此对于我国来说,延伸集体管理制度不可谓之不新,由此在《著作权法》第三次修改之际试图引入该制度的提案一经公开所引起的热烈讨论是可以被预见的。赞成引入该制度的学者认为延伸集体管理制度能够解决一揽子许可中代表性不足的问题,是一种能够为使用者以及著作权人带来利益,符合“卡尔多-希克斯”标准的制度,而反对者则以我国著作权集体管理组织所存在的问题为由,认为该制度的引入会加剧目前存在的问题,反而与集体管理组织保护权利人的宗旨背道而驰。事实上,通过分析我国目前著作权集体管理制度中的问题,发现有引入延伸集体管理制度的现实必要性,具体体现为传统集体管理制度已经无法适应数字化时代带来的变化,最大的问题是集体管理组织代表性不足所带来的一揽子许可的不能。另外在实践中,由于延伸集体管理制度的缺失,使用者处于两难的境地,随时面临着被非会员著作权人控告著作权侵权的风险。而且引入延伸集体管理制度对于降低著作权交易成本、增加作品使用合法性、保护“孤儿作品”权利人与外国权利人的权利均有积极意义。任何一种法律制度的移植都需要考虑其与本土制度土壤的相容性。讨论一项具体制度能否移植,除了明确该制度的基本规则以外还必须考察该制度产生所需要的制度环境,没有制度土壤培育的法律制度的移植只能带来僵化的、不能发挥制度应有作用的规则条文。北欧是著作权延伸集体管理制度最为成熟的实施例,因此北欧经验的借鉴对我国构建延伸集体管理制度有十分重大的意义。在北欧,延伸集体管理制度最早被适用于广播领域,随着制度的逐渐成熟与现实需要的发展,制度适用的范围不断扩大,直至丹麦在其著作权法修改中加入了一般条款。虽然北欧各国在具体规则的设置上有所不同,但是其基本的实施原则与架构具有统一性。具体表现为:一个在某个作品领域能够代表实质性多数著作权人的集体管理组织是延伸性集体管理制度实施的前提条件,法律通过赋予使用者与集体管理组织签订的作品许可使用协议延伸效力,从而使使用者可以使用非会员著作权人的作品,该合同作为具体的实施依据除了规定适用范围、使用期限外,最重要的是保障非会员著作权人获得与会员著作权人相同的使用费。延伸集体管理制度与强制性集体管理制度最大的不同之处是,非会员著作权人有“选择退出权”,该权利一旦行使,则其作品不得被延伸使用。而当非会员著作权人对使用费不满时可以主张个人获酬权。因此充分保障非会员权利人的利益是制度的出发点与归宿。著作权延伸集体管理制度作为北欧五国的独创,其产生与发展和北欧各国所独有的地理环境、文化传统有密不可分的联系。独特的“小国寡民”的地理环境造就了北欧“小型同质”的社会环境。而其悠久的集体协商传统则造就了运行良好、具有高度信赖度的著作权集体管理组织,作为劳资集体协商合同制度在著作权领域的演化,延伸集体管理制度的产生与运行无法与根深蒂固的集体协商传统相割离。通过考察延伸集体管理制度在北欧的产生路径就会发现,早在法律确认延伸集体管理制度之前,延伸集体许可作为一种实践做法早已被广泛使用,这种行为先于规则的内生性的制度生成方式决定了制度与社会环境的高度契合度。但是将我国与北欧各国作比较,就会发现二者之间存在较大的差异,我国人多地广,著作权集体管理组织产生较晚,在运行过程中有诸多不如意。我国并没有集体协商的传统,无论是著作权人还是使用人都还未认识到集体管理对于维护著作权人权益、促进作品传播以及激励创新的积极作用。因此应该意识到引入北欧延伸集体管理制度在我国会遇到一定的制度障碍,但也不能因噎废食,否认引入延伸集体管理制度带来的潜在利益。为了使延伸集体管理制度能够在我国更好地实行,首先应当完善我国现有的集体管理组织,在破除“非营利性”、淡化“行政化”色彩的前提下,完善许可费的收取与分配制度,加强监督,增强著作权人对集体管理组织的信赖度,努力营造权利集体管理的文化氛围。其次在设置具体的制度规则时,应该注意以下几点:规范延伸集体管理制度适用的范围,防止该制度的滥用而损害著作权人的利益;限定实施延伸集体管理制度的组织资格,唯有具有高度代表性、运行良好的集体管理组织方能承担运行延伸集体管理制度赋予的责任;充分保障非会员著作权人的利益,保证其能以最少的成本退出延伸管理,获得与会员著作权人相同的许可费。
[Abstract]:The system of collective management of copyright, which was born in 1930s, has been regarded as a way of exercising copyright and related rights by organizations that safeguard and represent the interests of copyright owners. However, with the change of the mode of communication, the traditional collective management system is gradually unable to adapt to the impact of digital technology on the copyright system, and can not meet the requirements of mass permission of works in the network era, thus a variant of the collective. This kind of extended collective management system, which originated in the 1960s in Nordic countries, is considered to be the "hybrid" of voluntary collective management system and compulsory collective management system. It also opens up a new way to protect the exclusive rights of copyright holders, promote the dissemination of works and encourage innovation in response to the transformation of the communication paradigm. The scope of application of the system is still mainly confined to the five Nordic countries. Therefore, it is not new for China to extend the collective management system. The heated discussion on the proposal of introducing the system on the third amendment of the Copyright Law can be foreseen. Scholars in favor of introducing the system believe that the extension is possible. Collective management system can solve the problem of under-representation in the license package. It is a system which can bring benefits to users and copyright owners and conforms to the standard of "Carlo Hicks", while opponents argue that the introduction of this system will aggravate the existing problems of the copyright collective management organizations in China. In fact, by analyzing the problems in the current copyright collective management system in China, we find that it is necessary to introduce the extension of the collective management system, which is embodied in the fact that the traditional collective management system has been unable to adapt to the changes brought about by the digital age. The big problem is the lack of representation of collective management organizations, which leads to the inability of a package of permissions. In practice, users are in a dilemma due to the absence of an extended collective management system, and are at any time faced with the risk of being sued by non-member copyright owners for copyright infringement. The transplantation of any legal system needs to consider its compatibility with the soil of the local system. To discuss whether a specific system can be transplanted, we must not only clarify the basic rules of the system, but also examine whether it can be transplanted. In view of the institutional environment needed by the system, the transplantation of legal system without institutional soil cultivation can only bring about rigid rules and regulations which can not play its due role. In Nordic countries, the extended collective management system was first applied to the field of broadcasting. With the gradual maturity of the system and the development of practical needs, the scope of application of the system continued to expand until Denmark added a general clause to the amendment of its copyright law. The basic principles and framework of implementation are unified. Specifically, a collective management organization which can represent the substantial majority of copyright owners in a certain work field is the prerequisite for the implementation of the extended collective management system. In addition to stipulating the scope of application and the term of use, the most important thing is to ensure that the non-member copyright owner gets the same royalties as the member copyright owner. If the non-member copyright holder is dissatisfied with the use fee, he can claim the right of personal remuneration. Therefore, it is the starting point and destination of the system to fully protect the interests of the non-member copyright holder. The originality of the five Nordic countries is closely related to the unique geographical environment and cultural traditions of the Nordic countries. The unique geographical environment of the "small countries and few people" has created a "small homogeneous" social environment in Nordic countries. The long tradition of collective consultation has created a well-functioning and highly trusted copyright. As the evolution of collective bargaining contract system in the field of copyright, the emergence and operation of extended collective management system can not be separated from the deep-rooted tradition of collective bargaining. Extended collective licensing has long been widely used as a practical practice, and the endogenous way of institutional formation prior to rules determines the high degree of agreement between the system and the social environment. There is no tradition of collective consultation in China, and neither copyright owners nor users have realized the positive role of collective management in safeguarding copyright rights, promoting the dissemination of works and encouraging innovation. China will encounter certain institutional obstacles, but we can not refuse the potential benefits brought by the introduction of the extended collective management system. In order to make the extended collective management system better implemented in China, we should first improve the existing collective management organizations in China, before breaking the "non-profit" and weakening the "administrative" color. Secondly, when setting up specific system rules, we should pay attention to the following points: standardize and extend the scope of application of the collective management system, prevent the abuse of the system and damage it. It is harmful to the interests of copyright owners; restricting the organizational qualifications for the implementation of the extended collective management system, only highly representative and well-functioning collective management organizations can assume the responsibilities entrusted by the extended collective management system; fully protecting the interests of non-member copyright owners and ensuring that they can withdraw from the extended management at the lowest cost to obtain and The same license fee for member copyright owners.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.41

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