论环境污染侵权中的因果关系推定

发布时间：2018-09-03 17:12

【摘要】：作为一种能够较为准确认定环境污染侵权因果关系的理论,因果关系推定正逐渐成为各个国家和地区的研究重点。我国也不例外,虽然并未以法律条文的形式对因果关系推定予以明确,但却出现了法官在审判实务中创造性的适用因果关系推定的案例。笔者以《侵权责任法》第66条有关环境污染侵权因果关系规定的性质作为本文的逻辑起点,以案例分析的形式对我国环境污染侵权因果关系的认定进行实证研究,并以分析梳理因果关系推定的适用理论为基础,提出构建我国环境污染侵权领域内的因果关系推定制度的建议。文章除引言之外主要由四部分构成。文章的第一部分论述了我国环境污染侵权因果关系的立法现状与司法实践。《侵权责任法》继承以往的立法经验,在其第66条明确规定了环境污染侵权因果关系的举证责任倒置。司法实践中,由于我国长期受来自苏联的必然因果关系学说的浸染,且我国尚未对因果关系推定予以立法确认,导致各地法院认定环境污染侵权因果关系的做法不一。虽然存在有创造性适用因果关系推定的案例,但法官在适用时均存在不同程度的问题。文章的第二部分论述了研究环境污染侵权中的因果关系推定的意义。《侵权责任法》将环境污染侵权规定为特殊侵权,适用无过错责任,因果关系由此成为环境污染侵权诉讼中的争讼焦点。但是,环境污染侵权因果关系具有异于一般侵权因果关系的特殊性,使得传统的因果关系理论遭遇适用困境。虽然《侵权责任法》规定了举证责任倒置,有利于减轻受害人的证明负担,但依然存在适用上的局限性,故有必要研究我国环境污染侵权领域内的因果关系推定。文章的第三部分主要分析梳理了环境污染侵权因果关系推定的相关理论。环境污染侵权因果关系推定的实质在于对环境污染侵权中的事实上的因果关系的认定,其适用目的在于降低受害人证明基础事实的证明标准,从而使得较难证明的推定事实也获得证明。其中主要的因果关系推定理论有:盖然性因果关系说,其在司法实践的运用中,又发展出了优势证据说与事实推定说;间接证明说,包括疫学的因果关系说、大致推定理论以及间接反证理论。前述理论虽然存在各自的优缺点,但均对我国的学理研究与司法实践具有重大的借鉴意义。文章的第四部分主要论述了在我国环境污染侵权因果关系的认定中,如何构建因果关系推定制度的具体建议。主要从两个层面进行构建:首先,对因果关系推定进行原则性规定,为因果关系推定理论的发展预留实践的空间。其次,针对不同类型的环境污染侵权案件,灵活适用因果关系推定的具体适用理论:在环境污染致使多数人罹患疾病的案件中,适用疫学因果关系理论;在常见的相邻关系的环境污染侵权案件中,适用优势证据说;在污染路径比较清晰的环境污染侵权案件中,适用间接反证法;在案情十分复杂、危害巨大且潜伏期较长的案件中,综合运用前述的因果关系推定理论。
[Abstract]:As a theory which can accurately determine the causality of environmental pollution tort, the causality presumption is becoming the focus of research in various countries and regions. The author takes the nature of the causal relationship stipulated in Article 66 of the Tort Liability Law as the logical starting point of this paper, makes an empirical study on the determination of the causal relationship of environmental pollution tort in China in the form of case analysis, and puts forward the construction on the basis of analyzing the applicable theory of the causal relationship presumption. The first part of the article discusses the legislative status and judicial practice of the causal relationship of environmental pollution tort in China. < Tort Liability Law > inherits the past legislative experience, and clearly stipulates environmental pollution in its article 66. In judicial practice, China has been influenced by the theory of inevitable causality from the Soviet Union for a long time, and has not yet legislated to confirm the presumption of causality, which leads to different ways for courts to determine the causality of environmental pollution torts. The second part of the article discusses the significance of studying the presumption of causality in environmental pollution tort. However, the causal relationship of environmental pollution tort is different from the general causal relationship of tort, which makes the traditional causal relationship theory encounter a dilemma of application. The third part of the article mainly analyzes and sorts out the relevant theories of the presumption of causality in environmental pollution tort. The essence of the presumption of causality in environmental pollution tort lies in the determination of the factual causality in environmental pollution tort, and its application aims at reducing the basis of the victim's proof. The main theories of presumption of causality are: probabilistic theory of causality, which develops the theory of superior evidence and the theory of presumption of fact in the application of judicial practice; indirect theory of proof, including epidemiological theory of causality, roughly presumption theory and indirect theory. The fourth part of the article mainly discusses how to construct the presumption system of causality in the determination of the causality of environmental pollution torts in China. Firstly, the causal presumption should be stipulated in principle so as to reserve space for the development of the theory of causal presumption. Secondly, according to different types of environmental pollution tort cases, the specific applicable theory of causal presumption should be flexibly applied: epidemiological causal theory should be applied in cases where environmental pollution causes most people to suffer from diseases. In the case of environmental pollution infringement, the theory of superior evidence should be applied; in the case of environmental pollution infringement with clear pollution path, the indirect counterevidence law should be applied; and in the case of complicated circumstances, great harm and long incubation period, the theory of causality presumption should be applied comprehensively.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

【相似文献】