论我国胎儿健康权的民法保护

发布时间：2018-09-11 21:04

【摘要】：胎儿是人类的必经阶段,但胎儿并不是一个独立的生命体。尽管每年都会发生许多胎儿健康受损的事件,但对胎儿的救济却并不令人满意。人们总是习惯性地把胎儿看作是母亲身体的一部分,因为胎儿需要依靠母体的营养来供养自己。胎儿既没有独立的意识,更没有独立的行为能力,因此,胎儿没有自我保护的能力。在外界的伤害面前,胎儿是十分脆弱的。进入近现代以来,随着工业的发展,环境的巨变以及污染的加剧,胎儿受到侵害的情形越来越多。为了人类未来的发展,法律应该在胎儿健康的保护上有所作为。本文把文章分成五个部分对胎儿健康权保护的问题进行探讨:文章的导论部分运用案例引出了胎儿健康保护现存的问题,让大家了解到现有法律对胎儿健康保护的不足,简要分析了胎儿健康受损案件中的问题,并介绍了胎儿健康遭受侵害的类型和特点。第一章节主要介绍了胎儿健康权的概念和特征,胎儿的健康权与自然人的健康权虽然有差异,但是也应得到法律的保护。第二章节系统阐述了胎儿健康权保护的相关理论,并对这些理论进行了比较评析,其中权利能力说与我国的法律体系最为吻合,也有利于实现我国胎儿健康权的保护。第三章节对我国现行的胎儿保护方面的法律进行了梳理分析,发现对保护胎儿权利的法律很少,且大多保护的主体是孕妇,对胎儿仅是一种间接保护。2017年3月15号发布的《民法总则》虽然提出了对胎儿财产权利的保护,但是对胎儿的健康权并未涉及。第四章节指出了现有法律体系下我国在保护胎儿健康权利上存在的问题主要是立法缺失,并从历史的角度分析了造成这种立法现状的原因。经过前几章的分析,笔者认为要实现对胎儿健康权利的保护,要在立法上进行相应的规定,而且阻扰我国民事立法保护胎儿健康权利的因素已经发生了变化,从立法上对胎儿健康权进行保护具有现实的需要和实现的可能。因此,在文章的第五章节,笔者提出在民法的分则部分对胎儿的健康权利进行立法保护。
[Abstract]:Fetus is a necessary stage of human beings, but fetus is not an independent organism. Although many cases of fetal health damage occur every year, the relief to the fetus is not satisfactory. It is customary to regard the fetus as a part of the mother's body, because the fetus depends on the mother's nutrition to support itself. The fetus has neither independent consciousness nor independent ability to act, therefore, it has no ability to protect itself. In the face of external harm, the fetus is very vulnerable. Since modern times, with the development of industry, environment and pollution, more and more fetuses have been violated. For the future development of mankind, the law should do something to protect the fetal health. This paper divides the article into five parts to discuss the protection of fetal health: the introduction part of the article leads to the existing problems of fetal health protection by using cases, so that everyone can understand the insufficiency of the existing laws on the protection of fetal health. This paper briefly analyzes the problems in the cases of fetal health impairment, and introduces the types and characteristics of fetal health infringement. The first chapter mainly introduces the concept and characteristics of fetal right to health. Although the right to health of fetus is different from that of natural person, it should also be protected by law. The second chapter systematically expounds the related theories of the protection of fetal right to health, and makes a comparative analysis of these theories. The theory of right capacity is most consistent with the legal system of our country, and it is also helpful to realize the protection of the right to health of fetus in our country. The third chapter combs and analyzes the current laws on fetal protection in China, and finds that there are few laws to protect the rights of the fetus, and most of the subjects protected are pregnant women. Although the General principles of Civil Law, published on March 15, 2017, provide for the protection of fetal property rights, the right to health of foetus is not covered. The fourth chapter points out that the main problem in protecting the right to fetal health in China under the existing legal system is the lack of legislation, and analyzes the causes of this kind of legislation from the historical point of view. Through the analysis of the previous chapters, the author thinks that in order to realize the protection of the right to fetal health, the corresponding provisions should be made in legislation, and the factors obstructing the civil legislation to protect the right to fetal health have changed. It is necessary and possible to legislate to protect the fetal right to health. Therefore, in the fifth chapter of the article, the author proposes to protect the right of fetal health in the part of civil law.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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