殡葬改革背景下墓地的物权模式研究

发布时间：2019-03-17 09:38

【摘要】：随着我国人口老龄化速度的不断加快,以及国家城镇化进程的不断推进,近几年墓地的供给呈现出前所未有的紧张局势,已经不能满足现实社会的需要。尽管各级地方政府在原有墓地数量基础上,又不断推行新的殡葬方式,以求达到社会供求关系的平衡,但事实上取得的收效甚微。在“人地”矛盾不断激化的今天,墓地的改革已经迫在眉睫,无论政府是推行生态殡葬还是绿色殡葬,其改革的焦点仍然应该是土地。现有的法律并未对墓地的权属做出明确的规定,更多是依赖于政策法规、民风民俗。但这些模式并不能将墓地进行完全的规范化管理,因此墓地物权化是必然的趋势。墓地所涉及的权利是一种用益物权,但又不同于传统的用益物权,它不能重复利用也不具有收益性,因此笔者认为墓地所涉及的权利是一种独立且新型的用益物权,即特许用益物权。在法学领域,从现有的研究成果来看,国内的学术研究大多集中于单独对农村公益性墓地或城市经营性墓地的研究。从国内的法律法规来看,《殡葬管理条例》与《公墓管理暂行办法》仅停留在行政法规、部门规章的层面上,其他相关的规定存在于零星的法律条款当中,且有诸多矛盾与漏洞。由于相关立法工作的滞后,导致墓地纠纷也不断增加。因此,我国对于墓地的权属性质、变动规则和使用期限等问题亟需相应的法律来加以规范。全文正文除引言和结语之外分为五个部分:第一部分阐述了论文的研究背景、研究现状与研究方法、研究意义。这部分在阐述了研究背景、现状和方法的基础之上,得出本文的研究意义:第一,通过对墓地权属性质等的研究,为墓地使用的物权化提供学术理论支持;第二,以墓地使用的物权化,为土地资源的科学利用,墓地的生态化提供法律路径。第二部分是我国墓地的基本法律理论。这部分包括对我国的墓地进行概括性的阐述,并列出三种关于墓地权属性质的学说,即租赁权说、用益物权说、特许用益物权说,对三种学说的合理和不足之处做出评析。第三部分是我国现有墓地模式中存在的主要问题,包括:墓地的权利主体囫囵不明、变动规则武断残缺、使用期限不尽合理等。第四部分是通过对域外墓地法律模式的比较,得到我国墓地物权模式的启示。美国与韩国都将墓地使用权认定为物权;英国和日本实现了墓地的重复、分层利用。我国的墓地性质和样态设计可以此为参考。第五部分对我国墓地的物权模式进行设计。通过前文分析,笔者认为将墓地所涉及的权利确认为一种墓地使用权是科学的选择,将其作为一种特许用益物权有其必要性和可行性。其次对墓地使用权制度的构建提出了框架性的建议。第六部分为结语。
[Abstract]:With the acceleration of population aging rate and the advancement of national urbanization, the supply of cemeteries in recent years presents an unprecedented tension, and can not meet the needs of the real society. Although local governments at all levels continue to implement new funeral methods on the basis of the original number of cemeteries in order to achieve a balance between the supply and demand of the society, in fact, little has been achieved. Nowadays, the contradiction between "man-land" and "man-land" is intensifying, the reform of cemeteries is imminent. No matter whether the government is carrying out ecological funeral or green funeral burial, the focus of reform should still be land. Existing laws do not make clear provisions on the ownership of cemeteries, and rely more on policies and regulations, folk customs and customs. However, these patterns can not completely standardize the management of cemeteries, so the ownership of cemeteries is an inevitable trend. The right involved in the cemeteries is a kind of usufruct, but different from the traditional usufruct, it can not be reused and has no profit. Therefore, the author thinks that the right involved in the cemetery is an independent and new type of usufruct. That is, chartered usufruct. In the field of law, from the existing research results, most of the domestic academic research focuses on the study of rural public welfare cemeteries or urban operating cemeteries alone. From the point of view of domestic laws and regulations, the regulations on the Administration of Funeral and burial and the Provisional measures for the Administration of Cemetery remain only at the level of administrative regulations and departmental regulations, and other relevant provisions exist in sporadic legal provisions. And there are many contradictions and loopholes. Due to the lag of the relevant legislative work, the dispute over cemeteries is also increasing. Therefore, the ownership of cemeteries, the rules of change and the duration of use of cemeteries need to be regulated by relevant laws. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the main text is divided into five parts: the first part describes the research background, research status, research methods, research significance. On the basis of expounding the research background, the present situation and the method, this part draws the research significance of this paper: first, through the study of the nature of the ownership of the cemetery, to provide the academic theoretical support for the use of the property right of the cemetery; Secondly, it provides a legal path for the scientific utilization of land resources and the ecologicalization of cemeteries with the property rights used by cemeteries. The second part is the basic legal theory of cemeteries in China. This part includes a general exposition of the cemeteries in our country, and lists three theories about the nature of the ownership of cemeteries, that is, the theory of leasehold, the theory of usufruct, the theory of chartered usufruct, and the analysis of the reasonableness and inadequacies of the three theories. The third part is the main problems existing in the pattern of cemeteries in our country, including: the main body of rights of cemeteries is not clear, the rules of change are arbitrary and incomplete, and the period of use is unreasonable, and so on. The fourth part is through the comparison of the legal model of the extra-territorial cemeteries, we get the enlightenment of the real rights model of the cemeteries. Both the United States and South Korea have recognized the right to use cemeteries as real rights; the United Kingdom and Japan have made repeated and hierarchical use of cemeteries. The nature and pattern design of cemeteries in our country can be used as reference. The fifth part designs the real right mode of cemeteries in our country. Through the previous analysis, the author believes that it is a scientific choice to recognize the rights involved in cemeteries as a kind of right to use cemeteries, and that it is necessary and feasible to use them as a kind of licensed usufruct. Secondly, it puts forward the frame suggestion on the construction of the system of the right to use the cemeteries. The sixth part is the conclusion.
【学位授予单位】：四川师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.2

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