丝割符制度

发布时间：2018-03-11 20:27

本文选题：丝割符　切入点：生丝　出处：《华东师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：丝割符制度是日本江户初期(17世纪初),幕府为统治海外贸易而制定的一项对外贸易制度。该制度产生于庆长九年,废止于明历元年,只存在了五十年左右。在采用了三十年的相对贸易法后,该制度于贞享二年再次兴起,一直沿用至幕府末期。本论文的研究对象是庆长九(1604)年至明历元(1655)年实行的丝割符制度。丝割符制度最初是针对到达长崎港的葡萄牙船而制定的商法。其适用对象,原本仅是葡萄牙船从中国采购后经山澳门港而运抵日本长崎港的生丝,后来在各大港口所进行的贸易往来中,中国商船和荷兰商船亦从事生丝的出口贸易,所以也被强制性地列入该制度的适用范围。从制度上看,生丝的购买者只局限于长崎、X:(大阪南部)、京都三个城市的商人,称之为丝割符商人或“三地商人”,后来江户、大阪两个新兴城市相继加入,形成“五地商人”。这些富有的商人组成了丝割符行会,其管理者被称为丝割符年寄。他们的主要任务是,作为日方代表与葡萄牙商人确定丝价,统辖丝割符行会一切事物以及管理前往长崎进行贸易的商人。商船只要一到长崎港口,各个都市的丝割符年寄就会前往长崎,在长崎奉行(长崎最高行政长官)的指导下进行贸易。丝割符制度形成之前,日本人单独和葡方协商进行买卖,而该制度成立后,生丝的买方(即日本)从外国商船手中一次性统购生丝,并按照一定比例分配给各地的丝割符商人。此外,幕府将军会通过优先购买权购买一部分生丝,长崎奉行及高官、幕府的豪商、御用商人等,也会利用职权之便购买大量的生丝。十六世纪中期至十七世纪初,葡萄牙一直独占日本的对外贸易。进入江户时代后,德川家康积极鼓励其他国家商船到港进行贸易往来,才有了西班牙、英国、荷兰、中国的商船与之抗衡。宽永十年,日本发布“十七条”锁国令,并在随后的几年内强化了这一政策,因此葡萄牙船的贸易受到很多限制和阻碍,并逐渐走向衰落。随着宽永十六年日本最后一次锁国令的发布,葡萄牙人被逐出日本,两国贸易终止。此后,长崎的贸易被中国船和荷兰船独占。上世纪七八十年代,日本有几位研究丝割符制度的著名学者。由于引用资料的不同,他们在研究结论上产生了分歧。在不断的争论过程中,各位学者深入挖掘荷兰、西班牙、葡萄牙等国的书信及商馆日记,并翻译成日文。我在日本留学期问,有幸能够阅读到这些学者的书籍和论文,以及有关该制度的第一手资料,才使得本论文有了更丰富且详实的材料依据。本论文旨在考察：在丝割符制度下,日本商人如何与葡萄牙船进行定价,并进口生丝：幕府如何通过一步步完善丝割符制度,统辖日本国内商人,进而形成与葡萄牙商船相抗衡的强有力的买方；幕府如何通过鼓励多国贸易,而使各国在对日贸易力量上实现平衡；当面对外国宗教思想入侵之时,幕府如何平衡禁教与贸易的利害关系。本论文主要从“人”、“物”、“船”三个方面,全面描述日本近世初期,丝割符制度这一重要的对外贸易制度,在先行研究的基础上解决具有争议性的问题点,并提出与丝割符制度相关的其他问题,通过对史料的详细分析,使得该制度以一个完整的系统呈现在我们面前。
[Abstract]:Is a Japanese silk permission tally system in early Edo period (early seventeenth Century), a foreign trade system for overseas trade and the development of the shogunate rule. The system produced in the nine years Qingchang, abolished in the Ming calendar year, there is only about fifty years. In the relative trade law after thirty years, the system has risen again in Zhenxiang two years, continued to the end of the shogunate. The research object of this thesis is to celebrate the nine (1604) years to the Ming epoch (1655) since the implementation of the silk permission tally system.
Silk permission tally system was first commercial for the Portuguese ship arrived at the port of Nagasaki and developed. Its application object, originally only is a Portuguese ship from China procurement after Macao port to Japan and the mountain of the port of Nagasaki silk later in the major port in the trade Chinese merchant and merchant of Holland is also engaged in raw silk the export trade, so the scope is also included in the mandatory system. From the system, the buyers of raw silk is limited to Nagasaki, X: (Southern Osaka), Kyoto three city merchants, called silk permission tally merchants or "three merchant", later Edo, Osaka two new city have joined, forming the "five merchant". These wealthy businessmen formed the silk cut operators guild, the manager called wire cut Fu years. Their main task is to send, as the representative of Japan and Portuguese traders to determine the price of silk, silk cut line will govern All things and management to Nagasaki trade businessman. As long as a merchant ship to the port of Nagasaki, the city's silk permission tally expected would go on to Nagasaki, in Nagasaki to pursue (Nagasaki Chief Executive) trade. Under the guidance of the silk permission tally system formed before Japanese separate trading and Portugal negotiation, and the establishment of the system after the buyer of raw silk (Japan) from the hands of a one-time purchase of raw silk foreign merchant, and according to a certain proportion allocated to the country of silk cut operators businessman. In addition, the Shogun will pass the preemptive right to buy part of raw silk, and Nagasaki's officials, the shogunate Hao, Royal businessman, will use his will buy a large amount of raw silk.
The mid seventeenth Century to early sixteenth Century, Portugal has been the exclusive Japanese foreign trade. In the Edo period, Leyasu Tokugawa actively encourage other countries to Hong Kong merchant trade, only Spain, Britain, Holland, China merchant to contend with. Yong wide for ten years, Japan released the "Seventeen" seclusion orders and strengthened. This policy in the next few years, the Portuguese ship trade has many limitations and obstacles, and gradually decline. With sixteen years of Japanese kuanyong last seclusion orders issued, the Portuguese was expelled from Japan, the termination of trade between the two countries. Since then, Nagasaki's trade is China ship and Holland ship exclusive.
In 70s and 80s, Japan has several famous scholars on the silk permission tally system. Due to the use of different materials, they have differences in the conclusions of the study. In the process of continuous debate, scholars dig in Holland, Spain, Portugal and other countries of business letters and diary Museum, and translated into Japanese in my. Japan to study period, have been able to read these books and papers of scholars, and the system of the first hand data, this paper makes a more detailed and rich material basis.
This paper is to study the cutting symbol system in silk, Japanese businessmen how to price and a Portuguese ship, and import raw silk: how to improve step by step through the shogunate silk permission tally system, governance of Japanese domestic businessmen, and then compete with Portuguese merchant phase strong buyer; how to encourage multinational trade by the shogunate, and enable countries to achieve in the balance of trade with Japan strength; when faced with foreign religious thought invasion, how to balance the shogunate prohibition and trade interests. This paper mainly from the "people", "object", "ship" in three aspects, a comprehensive description of the early modern Japan, silk permission tally system which is an important system of foreign trade to solve the problem, a controversial point based on previous research, and some other problems with silk permission tally system, through the detailed analysis of historical data, which makes the system with a complete system is Now we are in front of us.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K313

【共引文献】