论公司设立瑕疵

发布时间：2018-03-26 22:32

本文选题：设立瑕疵　切入点：设立无效　出处：《吉林大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：公司设立瑕疵是指依法经登记机关登记并获得了营业执照的公司,实际上却存在着某些事实,这些事实不符合本国法律规定的公司设立的实体性条件或程序性条件,而导致该公司的存续处于一种不稳定状态的法律现象。公司设立瑕疵与公司设立无效是两个既有区别又有联系的概念。设立存在瑕疵的公司,经法定程序处理后,可能产生公司设立无效的法律后果。公司设立瑕疵,依据不同的标准,有以下三种分类方式。主观瑕疵与客观瑕疵,主观瑕疵是客观瑕疵的内在原因；客观瑕疵是主观瑕疵的外部表现。实体瑕疵与程序瑕疵,实体瑕疵包括股东人数瑕疵、出资瑕疵、公司章程瑕疵；程序瑕疵包括审批程序瑕疵、管理程序瑕疵。可补正瑕疵与绝对无效瑕疵,可补正瑕疵包括公司章程非必要的记载事项的缺乏、可补正的出资方面的瑕疵、股东不符合法定条件的瑕疵；绝对无效瑕疵包括设立目的瑕疵、注册资本瑕疵、发起人瑕疵、程序上的瑕疵。研究公司设立瑕疵问题,并建立与之相适应的诉讼制度,具有以下几个方面的意义：有利于保护利害关系人的权益；有利于提升公司的运作效率；有利于稳定社会经济秩序。在英美法系国家,公司设立瑕疵遵循“承认主义”理论,该理论认为,设立证书具有绝对的公信力。在大陆法系国家,采用公司设立瑕疵无效制度,规定公司设立无效之诉,只要公司存在法定的瑕疵,一切具备法人资格的公司均可以被宣告无效。有的国家,如日本,采用双重模式,即在公司法或者商法中,同时规定设立无效和设立撤销制度。我国公司法所采用的行政撤销手段,不同于日本的设立撤销制度。我国公司法规定的公司设立瑕疵的法律责任如下：提交虚假材料的行政责任,公司的发起人、股东虚假出资或抽逃出资的行政责任,公司登记机关滥用权力的行政责任,中介机构的行政责任以及验资机构的侵权责任。我国公司法以行政手段处理公司设立瑕疵问题的做法,存在以下弊端。首先,公司登记机关,只负责对公司的登记材料进行形式审查,不易再要求其进行实质审查。其次,为维护行政机关的公信力,公司设立登记的审查机关,不宜再成为撤销公司设立登记的决策机关。再次,运用行政手段解决公司设立瑕疵问题,不利于保护利害关系人的利益。最后,司法实践当中,各种规定纷繁冗杂,为法律的适用带来很大困惑。笔者认为,我国应该引进公司设立无效之诉。我国的公司法立法,虽然试图从各种角度,零散地保护利害关系人受损的利益。但是,如不整体规定公司设立瑕疵问题的处理方法,依旧无法从根本上起到作用。公司设立无效之诉这种救济途径,主要存在于大陆法系国家。我国贴近大陆法系国家的立法体制,具备引进公司设立无效之诉的条件。我国以成文法为主,法律对公司设立的条件和程序有比较严格的规定,这种立法模式,为公司设立瑕疵的诉讼解决方式提供了良好的依据。具体地规定公司设立无效之诉。其一,对于原告的范围,规定得不宜过于宽泛,应当将利害关系人的范围限定在公司内部,仅公司的股东、董事、监事以及高级管理人员有权提起。其二,立法限定公司设立无效之诉的提起事由,即在公司法中具体规定公司设立瑕疵的种类,并区分可补正瑕疵和绝对无效瑕疵的涵盖范围。其三,规定诉讼时效,从刚刚施行的《中华人民共和国公司法》若干问题规定(三)中,可以看出,我国公司法立法有这样的倾向,即不限定公司设立瑕疵的诉讼时效。笔者认为,我国公司法立法应当规定诉讼时效,有利于督促当事人及时行使自己的权利。其四,明确法律后果,公司设立无效之诉的判决不具有溯及力,仅对将来发生效力。同时,建议立法规定,如果原告在告诉之时,存在恶意或者过错,应当承担相应的法律责任。
[Abstract]:The establishment of a company refers to a company registered with the registration authority and obtained a business license in accordance with the law . In fact , there are certain facts which do not conform to the substantive conditions or procedural conditions established by the company under the domestic law , which leads to the existence of a legal phenomenon in which the company is in an unstable state .

The establishment of the Company and the establishment of an invalid company is the concept of two existing differences and linkages . The establishment of a defective company may result in the establishment of an invalid legal consequence by the company after the legal process is processed .

The company set up the flaw , according to different standards , there are three kinds of classification methods : subjective flaw and objective flaw , subjective flaw is the internal cause of objective flaw ;
The objective flaw lies in the external performance of the subjective flaw , the flaws of the entity and the flaw of the procedure , including the number of shareholders , the flaw of the capital contribution and the defects of the articles of association ;
The defects of the procedures , including the defects of the examination and approval procedures , the defects of the management procedure , the defects of the defects of the defects and the absolute invalidity , may be supplemented with the defects of the non - essential recording items in the articles of association of the Company and the defects in the capital contribution , and the shareholders do not meet the defects of the legal conditions ;
The absolute null and void defects include the establishment of a flaw in the purpose , a flaw in the registered capital , a flaw in the promoter , and a flaw in the procedure .

The research company has set up the flaw and set up the suit system , which has the following meanings : it is beneficial to protect the rights and interests of interested parties ;
thereby being beneficial to improving the operation efficiency of the company ;
It is conducive to the stabilization of the social and economic order .

In Anglo - American law countries , the establishment of a flaw follows the theory of " recognition doctrine " . The theory holds that the establishment of a certificate has absolute credibility . In the countries of the continental law system , the establishment of an invalid system for the establishment of a company may be declared null and void . In some countries , such as Japan , all companies with legal personality can be declared null and void . Some countries , such as Japan , adopt dual mode , namely , in the Company Law or the Commercial Law , and stipulate the establishment of an invalid and set revocation system . The administrative revocation means adopted by the Company Law of our country is different from that of Japan .

The legal liability of the company established by the Company Law of our country is as follows : the administrative responsibility to submit the false material , the administrative responsibility of the sponsor of the company , the false capital contribution of the shareholder or the capital contribution , the administrative responsibility of the company registration authority to abuse power , the administrative responsibility of the intermediary institution and the tort liability of the capital verification institution .

First of all , the company registration authority is responsible for the formal examination of the company ' s registration material , which is not easy to require substantive examination . Secondly , to safeguard the credibility of the administrative organ , the company establishes a registration authority , it is not suitable to be a decision - making organ for the company to establish the registration . In the end , the application of administrative means to solve the problem of the company ' s establishment is not conducive to the protection of the interests of the interested parties . Finally , in the practice of judicial practice , various regulations are complicated and complicated , which brings great confusion to the application of the law .

The author thinks that our country should introduce the company to set up an invalid suit . In our country company law legislation , while trying to protect the interests of the interested party from various angles , it is still impossible to fundamentally play the role of the company ' s establishment of void problem .

The author thinks that the legislation of the Company Law of our country should stipulate the limitation of action , which is beneficial to urge the parties to exercise their rights in a timely manner .

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.291.91

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