船舶油污强制责任保险法律问题的比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-06 06:05

本文选题：油污损害赔偿　切入点：强制责任保险　出处：《上海海事大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 海上运输对一国国民经济有着重大的作用，但其安全状况却不容乐观。尤其是伴随着航运的发展，石油、化学品、有毒有害物质海运量的急剧增加和运输船舶的巨型化，海洋环境正面临着日益严重的威胁。更为重要的是，在发生海难事故后，承运人常常会面临破产而失去赔偿能力，无法依照公约或国内法的规定对受害人承担赔偿责任，从而使受害人的利益得不到保障。海难事故的发生引发了人们对海上运输安全的关注，同时也对保护受害人的权益提出了要求。目前，国际社会己在《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》，《1971年设立国际油污损害赔偿基金公约》及上述两个公约的议定书和《1996年国际海上运输有毒有害物质损害责任和赔偿公约》，《燃油污染损害民事责任国际公约》等公约的基础上建立了一套较为完整并切实可行的船舶污染损害民事赔偿的法律体系。一些发达国家，如美国、加拿大也通过国内立法建立了有自己特色的船舶污染赔偿法律体系。而反观我国在这方面的体系则是十分不健全。完善我国的船舶污染损害赔偿法律体系，及时加入有关的国际公约并进行相关的国内立法已经成为海商法界的一致呼声。当下油污损害赔偿领域的两大支柱是责任保险和赔偿基金。而责任保险的出现与发展是保险现代化的一项重要标志，其未来的发展必将是侧重于对受害人赔偿利益的保护而适度推行强制责任保险。在一些特定领域(如机动车辆损害赔偿)，推行强制保险已经成为多数国家的立法趋势。在海事海商立法方面，强制责任保险最先出现在油污损害赔偿领域。这是因为油轮泄漏事件所带来的损失巨大，如何做到既能保证受害人获得及时、充分的赔偿又能保障航运业的稳定的发展越来越受到国际社会的关注。船舶油污强制责任保险制度，，在一定程度上，为有效解决这一问题提供了新的思路。但作为一个尚不成熟的制度，船舶油污强制保险制度的相关的理论尚未发展起来。作者从定义、特点和范畴几个方面进行了深入的分析和归纳，认为船舶油污强制责任保险是一种依法强制实施于海上运输特定范围内的责任保险。并且通过其与商业保险，社会保险，政策保险，财务担保等相关制度的比较，进一步廓清了船舶油污强制责任保险的外延，论证了我国建立船舶污染损害强制责任保险的必要性和建立强制责任保险制度的可行性。可以说，本文以理论和立法两个角度为主线，运用整体分析、比较法的理论方法对油污强制责任保险制度进行论述，以期对完善我国船舶油污损害赔偿方面的立法能有一定的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:Maritime transportation plays an important role in a country's national economy, but its security situation is not optimistic.In particular, with the development of shipping, the rapid increase of oil, chemicals, toxic and harmful substances in the sea and the huge shipping ships, the marine environment is facing an increasingly serious threat.More importantly, after a maritime accident, the carrier will often face bankruptcy and lose the ability to compensate, which can not assume the compensation liability to the victim in accordance with the convention or the domestic law, so that the interests of the victim can not be protected.The maritime accident caused people to pay attention to the safety of maritime transport, but also to protect the rights and interests of the victims.At present,The International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage of 1969, the Convention on the Establishment of the International Fund for compensation for Oil pollution damage in 1971, the protocols thereto and the 1996 Protocol to the International Maritime Transport of noxious and harmful substances for damage and compensationOn the basis of the Convention, the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage and other conventions, a set of relatively complete and feasible legal system for civil compensation for pollution damage from ships has been established.Some developed countries, such as the United States and Canada, have also established their own legal system of ship pollution compensation through domestic legislation.On the other hand, China's system in this respect is very imperfect.To perfect the legal system of ship pollution damage compensation, to join the relevant international conventions and to make relevant domestic legislation has become the unanimous voice of the maritime law circle.The two pillars in the field of oil pollution compensation are liability insurance and compensation funds.The emergence and development of liability insurance is an important symbol of insurance modernization, and its future development will focus on the protection of victims' compensation interests and the appropriate implementation of compulsory liability insurance.In certain areas, such as motor vehicle damages, compulsory insurance has become a legislative trend in most countries.In the maritime business legislation, compulsory liability insurance first appeared in the field of oil pollution damage compensation.This is because of the huge losses caused by the oil tanker leak, how to ensure the victims to obtain timely, adequate compensation and ensure the development of the shipping industry more and more attention of the international community.To a certain extent, the compulsory liability insurance system of ship oil pollution provides a new way to solve this problem effectively.However, as an immature system, the theory of compulsory marine oil pollution insurance system has not yet been developed.The author analyzes and summarizes the definition, characteristics and categories of marine oil pollution compulsory liability insurance, and concludes that it is a kind of liability insurance enforced by law within the specific scope of marine transportation.And through the comparison with commercial insurance, social insurance, policy insurance, financial guarantee and other related systems, it further clarifies the extension of compulsory liability insurance for oil pollution from ships.The necessity of establishing compulsory liability insurance for marine pollution damage and the feasibility of establishing compulsory liability insurance system are demonstrated.It can be said that this paper discusses the compulsory liability insurance system of oil pollution from the two angles of theory and legislation, using the whole analysis and the theoretical method of comparative law.In order to perfect our ship oil pollution compensation legislation can be used for reference.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D996.19;D922.294

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