论海上保险法中的损失补偿原则

发布时间：2018-04-11 14:50

本文选题：海上保险 + 损失补偿原则　；参考：《武汉大学》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：损失补偿原则是指当保险事故发生并导致被保险人的经济损失时，保险人给予被保险人的补偿以恢复被保险人在遭受保险事故前的经济状况为准。损失补偿原则是海上保险法的基本原则之一，是贯穿整个海上保险法的灵魂。损失补偿原则除了与海上保险法其它原则(尤其是可保利益原则)密切相关外，还衍生出代位、委付、重复保险与分摊等规则。在英国，损失补偿原则来自于禁止赌博的公共政策；而在我国，损失补偿原则来自于公平原则和禁止不当得利的规定。损失补偿原则禁止被保险人从保险中得利，从而减少了道德风险，维护了保险制度的正常运作，因此具有重要的现实意义。基于以上的考虑，本文在我国现行保险法律制度框架内，结合西方发达国家的保险法律制度，通过对损失补偿原则的内涵、外延及相关配套制度的研究，力图揭示损失补偿原则在海上保险法中的运用及缺失。全文共分为五个部分。第一部分探讨了损失补偿原则的一般理论。在对“损失”、“补偿”、“损失补偿原则”作出界定的基础上，考察了损失补偿原则与民法中的损害赔偿制度、禁止不当得利制度的关系，并对损失补偿原则和海上保险法其它基本原则之间的关系作了分析。第二部分具体分析了损失补偿原则在共同被保险人情况下的适用。在一份保险合同同时承保两个以上被保险人的情况下，如果一个被保险人有过错或不法行为，那么对其他无辜的被保险人不予补偿就可能会违反损失补偿原则；如果给予补偿，，同样也可能违反损失补偿原则，因为共同被保险人的利益有时不可分割地联系在一起，以至于任何损失或收益必然对其中任何一位被保险人有影响。如何解决这一难题?就此，作者对英美法系两种不同观点的合理性进行了考察，并在此基础上提出了进一步的完善措施。第三部分对损失补偿原则所派生出的保险代位作了介绍。保险代位可以分为权利代位和物上代位。就权利代位而言，作者探讨了代位求偿权与损失补偿原则的关系、代位求偿权的产生、范围、共同被保险人情况下的代位求偿权，增值保险单下保险人代位权的冲突；就委付而言，作者对委付与损失补偿原则的关系、保险人接受委付的法律效力作了论述。第四部分对损失补偿原则衍生出的另一重要规则即多数保险制度作了介绍。多数保险又可以分为重复保险和保险竞合，文章着重对重复保险和保险竞合情况下的保险补偿和分摊问题作了论述。文章第五部分是结论，除了对全文材料作出总结外，还对损失补偿原则在我国保险法和海商法中的完善提出了建议。通过以上研究，本文认为，损失补偿原则是海上保险合同的首要原则。虽然这一原则的强制性有所减弱，但它仍然具有积极作用，并继续保持其重要性。海上保险合同是一种补偿合同，但并非完全的补偿合同。尽管如此，损失补偿始终是海上保险合同的基础。从海上保险实践来看，损失补偿原则的适用结果在很大程度上取决于如何对保险合同条款进行解释，这一点在共同被保险人的情况下尤为明显。虽然损失补偿原则在海上保险法中具有十分重要的地位，但这一原则并不是自足的，其实施需要具体概念、原则和规则的配合，尤其是海上保险法其它基本原则，如可保利益原则、近因原则、最大诚信原则的支持。通过比较各国海商法中损失补偿原则的不同规定可以发现，虽然各国对这一原则许多方面的理解是一致的，但是对于一些重要问题的理解则不尽相同。应给予特别注意的是保险利益、代位和重复保险这三个关键问题规定上的不同。在这些问题的把握上，各国应当相互借鉴;对我国《保险法》和《海商法》而言，更是如此。
[Abstract]:The principle of compensation is when the insurance accident occurs and leads to the insured economic losses, the insurer to the insured compensation to restore the insured in the insurance accident suffered before economic conditions prevail. The principle of compensation is one of the basic principles of marine insurance law, maritime insurance law is throughout the whole soul. The principle of compensation in addition to other principles of Marine Insurance Law (especially the principle of insurable interest) is closely related to, also derived from subrogation, abandonment, double insurance and allocation rules. In the UK, the principle of compensation from the public policy to prohibit gambling; while in China, the principle of compensation from the principle of fairness and the prohibition of improper enrichment rules. The principle of compensation against the insured benefit from the insurance, so as to reduce moral hazard, maintain the normal operation of insurance system, so it has important practical significance.
Based on the above considerations, this paper in the current system of insurance in China's legal framework, combined with the insurance legal system of western developed countries, the connotation of the principle of compensation, the research scope and related systems, and tries to reveal the lack of using the principle of compensation for the loss in marine insurance law. This paper is divided into five parts.
The first part discusses the general theory of the principle of compensation for the loss. In the "loss", "compensation", "basic principle of compensation" are defined on the effects of compensation system in civil law and the principle of compensation damages, prohibition of unjust enrichment system, and the relationship between the principle of compensation and other maritime insurance law the basic principle is analyzed.
The second part is a detailed analysis of the principle of compensation for the insurer is in common situations. In an insurance contract and cover more than two of the insured case, if an insured person is at fault or illegal behavior, then the other innocent of the insured are not compensated may violate the loss compensation the principle of compensation; if, may also violate the principle of compensation for the loss, because the common interests of the insured and sometimes are inextricably linked, so that any losses or gains will impact on any one insured. How to solve this problem? In this connection, the author of the Anglo American law system in two different views were investigated, and put forward the further improvement measures.
The third part of the insurance subrogation principle of compensation is derived are introduced. The insurance subrogation can be divided into the right of subrogation and subrogation rights of subrogation. Then, the author discusses the relationship between the right of subrogation and the principle of compensation, the right of subrogation, the scope of the right of insurance subrogation is common case the value of insurance policy, the conflict under the insurer's subrogation right; on abandonment, the author of the principle of abandonment and loss compensation, the insurer accepts the legal effect of abandonment are discussed.
The fourth part introduces another important rule derived from the principle of loss compensation, that is, the majority of the insurance system.
The number of insurance can be divided into double insurance and insurance concurrence. The article focuses on the situation of overlapping insurance and insurance competition.
The problem of insurance compensation and apportionment is discussed.
The fifth part of the article is the conclusion, in addition to the summary of the full text material, the principle of compensation for loss is also in our country.
Suggestions on the improvement of the insurance law and the maritime law are put forward.
Through the above research, this paper holds that the principle of loss compensation is the first principle of marine insurance contract.
The mandatory principle of a principle has been weakened, but it still has a positive role and continues to maintain its importance.
An insurance contract is a kind of compensation contract, but it is not a complete compensation contract. However, the loss compensation is always on the sea.
From the practice of marine insurance, the result of the application of the principle of loss compensation is to a great extent.
How to explain the terms of the insurance contract is particularly evident in the case of the common insurer.
However, the principle of compensation for loss is of great importance in the maritime insurance law, but this principle is not self-sufficient.
It requires specific concepts, coordination of principles and rules, especially other basic principles of marine insurance law, such as
The principle of protecting interests, the principle of proximate cause, and the support of the principle of maximum honesty.
Through the comparison of the different provisions of the principle of loss compensation in the maritime law of various countries, it is found that although the countries have been to this original
The understanding of many aspects is consistent, but the understanding of some important issues is different.
Don't pay attention to the difference between the three key issues of insurance interest, subrogation and repeated insurance.
All countries should learn from each other, and so far as China's "insurance law >" and "maritime law" are concerned.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D912.28;D912.29

【引证文献】