浅析国际航运中无单放货问题及其法律对策

发布时间：2018-04-23 01:08

本文选题：无单放货 + 法律规制　；参考：《华东政法大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：提单作为货物收据、运输合同证明以及物权凭证，在国际航运中发挥着纽带的作用。提单机制所表彰的是海上货运贸易的信用关系，它要求承运人只能凭正本提单交付货物从而使承运人不被买卖合同所累。由此可见，凭单放货是提单机制所要求的，长久以来也是国际航运实践中被广为遵守的原则。然而，随着航运技术日新月异的发展，快船问题日益严峻。为了避免货物搁置港口带来的经济损失，，承运人或不凭正本提单放货，这么做可能会致使无单放货主体承担一定法律责任、托运人钱货两空或其他风险。有些不法分子甚至会利用无单放货进行犯罪。可见，无单放货破坏提单制度的同时也危害国际贸易的安全与发展，是亟须解决的问题。针对无单放货问题的现状，本文从以下四个部分对国际航运中无单放货问题及其法律对策进行探析：第一部分主要分析了无单放货的含义和法律定性。笔者首先从凭单放货原则入手，阐述了无单放货的含义。同时通过分析提单的权利属性进行以及中国法律实践中无单放货案件的定性，阐明了无单放货案件的不同法律定性。其次，笔者分析了无单放货问题产生的原因、危害以及案件类型。以期说明解决无单放货问题的必要性和紧迫性，同时为下文论述打下基础。第二部分，笔者由分析各国解决无单放货问题的现行法律规制展开，从无单放货的违法性和法律责任两个角度入手，比较分析了不同国家在成文法与判例法中的具体做法。同时，将它们与我国立法与实践进行了比较，从而得出处理无单放货问题的国际趋势。另一方面，笔者分析了几个国际公约对于无单放货的态度或法律规制，希望能够从中找到解决无单放货问题的新体制。最后，笔者结合上述内容，阐述了当前我国海商法中建立无单放货法律规制体系的可能性。第三部分着重分析了无单放货的具体解决途径。笔者通过案例，分析了国际航运实践中的一些解决无单放货问题的具体手段及其弊端，以期寻找合理的解决对策。这些途径包括提货保函、海运单、电放提单和电子提单。前三者虽然有效地解决了一部分问题，但其本身存在的法律风险可能导致当事人得不偿失。而电子提单作为现代电商技术和国际航运实务结合的产物，则具有一定的优越性。第四部分针对国际航运实践中的不同主体，分析并阐述了他们在选择法律对策规避无单放货问题时的风险与应对。在电子提单尚未发展成熟的当下，选择适用上述某一具体途径解决无单放货问题，似乎在所难免。而不同途径对不同主体有着不同的作用与风险，笔者在本章节对此进行探讨，希望对国际航运实务起到参考与借鉴作用。
[Abstract]:Bill of lading, as the receipt of goods, the proof of the contract of transportation and the voucher of the bill of lading, plays a link in the international shipping. The bill of lading mechanism recognizes the credit relationship of the maritime freight trade, which requires the carrier to deliver the goods by the original bill of lading so that the carrier is not involved in the contract of sale. The system is required for a long time to be observed in the practice of international shipping. However, with the rapid development of shipping technology, the problem of fast ship is becoming increasingly serious. In order to avoid the economic loss caused by the cargo shelving, the carrier or not on the original bill of lading may lead to the subject of the cargo without a certain law. Legal responsibility, shipper's money and cargo two empty or other risks. Some illegal elements even use no single delivery of goods to commit a crime. It is obvious that no single delivery of goods damage the bill of lading system at the same time endangers the security and development of international trade, it is an urgent problem to solve. In view of the present situation of the problem of no single delivery, this article from the following four parts to the international shipping The problem of single delivery and its legal countermeasures are discussed.
The first part mainly analyzes the meaning and the legal nature of the delivery of goods without single delivery. First, the author starts with the principle of voucher delivery and expounds the meaning of the non release goods. At the same time, through the analysis of the right property of the bill of lading and the qualitative of the case of no single delivery in China's legal practice, the author clarifies the different legal qualities of the case of no single delivery. Secondly, the author In order to explain the necessity and urgency of solving the problem of free delivery, the reason for the problem of no single delivery and the type of the case are analyzed.
In the second part, the author analyzes the current legal rules and regulations to solve the problem of free delivery of goods by various countries. From the two angles of the illegality and legal responsibility of the delivery of goods, the author compares and analyzes the specific practices of different countries in the law and case law. At the same time, they compare them with our national law and practice, thus obtaining the treatment of no one. On the other hand, the author analyzes the attitude or legal regulation of several international conventions for the delivery of goods without single delivery, and hopes to find a new system to solve the problem of free delivery of goods. Finally, the author expounds the possibility of establishing a legal regulation system for the establishment of no single delivery in the maritime law of China at present.
The third part focuses on the analysis of the concrete solutions to the delivery of goods without single delivery. Through the case, the author analyzes some specific means and disadvantages in the practice of international shipping in order to find a reasonable solution. These include the delivery guarantee, the shipping bill, the radio bill of lading and the electronic bill of lading. The first three are effective. A part of the problem has been solved, but the legal risk of its own existence may cause the parties to be unpaid, and the electronic bill of lading, as the product of the combination of modern e-commerce technology and international shipping practice, has some advantages.
The fourth part, in view of the different subjects in the international shipping practice, analyzes and expounds their risk and response when choosing legal countermeasures to avoid the issue of delivery of goods without single delivery. With different functions and risks, the author discusses this in this chapter, hoping to play a reference role in international shipping practice.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D996.19

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