海上货物运输若干免责条款的研究

发布时间：2018-06-02 15:09

本文选题：免责条款 + 解释原则　；参考：《上海海事大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 在海上货物运输中,免责条款的使用十分盛行,无论是租船合同或提单以及其他单据中均订有免责条款。免责条款是当事人双方风险划分的工具。通常,海上货物运输中免责条款的受益方是承运人,货物利益方(通常是货主和提单持有人)是这些免责风险的直接承受方。为了了解海上货物运输中承运人如何援引免责条款,划分承运人与索赔方之间的风险分配,本文比较国际公约、《海上货物运输文书草案》及我国《海商法》了解不同责任制度下的免责条款,并对如何解释免责条款,哪些事件可以禁止承运人援引免责条款分别进行研究。本文第1章,本章分别对中国法下的解释原则及英国法下的相反解释原则、疏忽条款的解释原则、根本违约解释原则进行分析。对免责条款的解释是既遵循合同自由原则的,又对它进行了严格地限制。承运人及其受雇人要想成功援引免责条款取决于两个方面,第一个是承运人及受雇人员是否有可免责的法定事由,第二个就是法院对免责条款解释采用什么样的解释原则,这两个方面对承运人及其受雇人员是否能成功援引免责条款是十分重要的。第2章,对海上运输中若干免责条款进行了详细的分析,把海上货物运输中的免责条款分为:除外责任免责、除外危险免责、因托运人过失免责、因货物本身性质而免责及其他免责条款这五类,根据国际公约《海牙规则》、《汉堡规则》、《海上货物运输文书草案》及我国《海商法》下的规定对这五类免责条款进行比较,分别从不同归责原则下、举证责任、法律责任等方面对其进行分析。并且在本章中还结合了许多英美判例对免责条款及承运人如何援引免责条款作出了具体分析。第3章,对海上货运实务中存在的一些禁止免责之事由进行了分析。适航义务、管货义务、不得不合理绕航这三项是承运人责任期间的三大主要义务,违反这三大义务的任何一项义务或者迟延交付,承运人都有可能不能援引免责条款、责任限制条款。因此,本章对不适航、管货过失、绕航、迟延交付这几件禁止承运人援引免责条款的事件着重进行了论述。这有助于承运人了解这些事件,以便在实践中采取一切措施防止这些事件的发生,使承运人成功援引地援引免责条款。海上货物运输中的免责条款对合同当事双方都是极其重要的,尤其是承运人更是应对这方面进行深入了解,只有承运人能合理地、灵活地行使自己免责权利时,才可以大大减少海上航运业的特殊风险,降低航运成本的投入,这样才有利于航运事业的蓬勃发展。
[Abstract]:In the carriage of goods by sea, the use of exemption clauses is very popular, no matter charter party, bill of lading and other documents, there are exemption clauses. The exemption clause is the tool of the risk division between the parties. Usually, the carrier is the beneficiary of the exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea, and the benefit of the goods (usually the owner of the goods and the holder of the bill of lading) is the direct recipient of these disclaimers. In order to understand how the carrier invokes the exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea and divides the risk distribution between the carrier and the claimant, This article compares the international conventions, the draft instrument for the Carriage of goods by Sea and the Maritime Law of China to understand the exemption clauses under different liability regimes, and how to interpret the exemption clauses. Which events may prohibit the carrier from invoking exemption clauses separately. In Chapter 1, this chapter analyzes the principles of interpretation under Chinese law, the opposite interpretation principle under English law, the interpretation principle of negligence clause and the interpretation principle of fundamental breach of contract. The interpretation of exemption clause not only follows the principle of freedom of contract, but also strictly restricts it. The successful invocation of the exemption clause by the carrier and its servants depends on two aspects: the first is whether the carrier and his servants have a statutory cause of exemption, and the second is the principle of interpretation adopted by the court in respect of the interpretation of the exemption clause. These two aspects are very important for the carrier and his employees to successfully invoke the exemption clause. In Chapter 2, several exemption clauses in maritime transport are analyzed in detail, and the exemption clauses in the carriage of goods by sea are divided into: exemption from exemption of excepted liability, exemption from danger, exemption from liability due to fault of the shipper, The five categories of exemption and other disclaimers due to the nature of the goods are compared according to the Hague rules of the International Convention, the Hamburg rules, the draft instrument for the Carriage of goods by Sea and the provisions under the Maritime Law of China. Respectively from different imputation principle, the burden of proof, legal liability and other aspects of the analysis. In this chapter, we also analyze the exemption clause and how the carrier invokes the exemption clause. In chapter 3, the author analyzes the reasons of some disclaimers in the practice of maritime freight transport. The seaworthiness obligation, the duty to manage the cargo and the obligation to make a reasonable deviation are the three main obligations of the carrier during the period of its liability. Any breach of any of these three obligations or delay in delivery may not be invoked by the carrier. Limitation of liability clause Therefore, this chapter focuses on the unseaworthiness, mismanagement of cargo, deviation and delay in delivery, which prohibit the carrier from invoking the exemption clause. This helps the carrier to be aware of these events in order to take all measures in practice to prevent them from occurring and to enable the carrier to invoke the exemption clause successfully. The exemption clause in the carriage of goods by sea is extremely important to both parties to the contract, especially when the carrier should have a thorough understanding of this aspect, only the carrier can exercise his right of exemption reasonably and flexibly. Only in this way can the special risks of maritime shipping industry be greatly reduced and the investment of shipping costs be reduced, which is beneficial to the vigorous development of shipping industry.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D996.1;D922.294

【引证文献】