海上货运中船舶适航义务研究

发布时间：2018-12-14 18:41

【摘要】：船舶适航义务是海上货物运输中承运人的首要义务,在海商法理论中以及在海事纠纷的司法实践中具有很重要的地位。我国《海商法》第47条对船舶适航义务做的规定中有很多不清晰之处,如“开航当时”的界定、对“谨慎处理”的理解、船舶的适航标准等等。国际海事组织制定的有关海上货物运输的几个代表性国际公约《海牙规则》、《海牙—维斯比规则》、《汉堡规则》、《鹿特丹规则》等对承运人的船舶适航义务的规定也各不相同,每一公约的内容都是与该公约制定当时的国际海运环境和发展需要相适应的,有着自身独特的法哲学基础和历史背景,因此关于承运人的义务和责任的范围、承运人适航义务的地位以及承运人承担适航义务的起讫时间的规定各有特色。随着国际海运事业的发展,国际海事界对船舶适航义务进行了很多理论的创新与立法实践,我国《海商法》关于承运人适航义务的规定也应与时俱进,逐步符合国际海运立法的发展趋势,而这些国际立法也对如何修改我国《海商法》具有很大的借鉴价值。因此,本文在对船舶适航义务进行了综合分析、对国际有关船舶适航义务的理论和立法进行梳理的基础上,提出了对我国《海商法》的修改建议。本文首先主要论述了本文的研究背景、目的及意义,并对有关船舶适航义务的国内外研究现状进行梳理,为探讨船舶适航义务提供理论基础。然后,介绍了船舶适航义务的基本理论及船舶适航义务的发展历史、着重阐述了船舶适航义务的内容及标准、分析了船舶适航的时间界定问题并对船舶适航义务的免责以及举证责任分配进行了详细的论述,并讨论了船舶适航义务的地位并对《鹿特丹规则》对于船舶适航义务的影响进行分析。在理论分析的基础上,对主要的国际海上货物运输公约进行了阐述和分析,指出了国际立法的趋势,同时对代表性国家如英国、美国等国的船舶适航义务理论以及立法进行了阐述,指出我国有关船舶适航义务理论与立法的现状和不足之处并两者进行了比较分析。最后,在分析、综合、参照国外立法而后国际公约的基础之上,对我国《海商法》的修改尤其是如何完善我国适航义务理论提出了具体的建议。
[Abstract]:The obligation of seaworthiness is the first duty of the carrier in the carriage of goods by sea and plays an important role in the theory of maritime law and in the judicial practice of maritime disputes. In Article 47 of the Maritime Law of China, there are many ambiguities in the provisions on the seaworthiness obligation of ships, such as the definition of "at the time of sailing", the understanding of "careful handling", the standard of seaworthiness of ships, and so on. Several representative international conventions on the carriage of goods by sea developed by the International Maritime Organization, the Hague rules, the Hague-Visby rules, the Hamburg rules, The Rotterdam rules and other provisions on the carrier's seaworthiness obligations vary, and the content of each convention is adapted to the international maritime environment and development needs of the time when the Convention was established, With its own unique legal philosophy foundation and historical background, the scope of the carrier's obligations and responsibilities, the status of the carrier's seaworthiness obligations and the starting time of the carrier's seaworthiness obligations have their own characteristics. With the development of the international shipping industry, the international maritime community has carried out many theoretical innovations and legislative practices on the seaworthiness obligation of ships, and the provisions of China's Maritime Law concerning the carrier's seaworthiness obligations should also keep pace with the times. It is gradually in line with the development trend of international maritime legislation, and these international legislations also have great reference value for how to modify the Maritime Law of our country. Therefore, based on the comprehensive analysis of the seaworthiness obligation of ships and the combing of the international theories and legislation on the seaworthiness obligations of ships, this paper puts forward some suggestions to amend the Maritime Code of China. Firstly, this paper mainly discusses the background, purpose and significance of this paper, and combs the domestic and international research status of ship seaworthiness obligation, which provides a theoretical basis for the discussion of ship seaworthiness obligation. Then, the basic theory of ship seaworthiness obligation and the development history of ship seaworthiness obligation are introduced, and the content and standard of ship seaworthiness obligation are expounded emphatically. This paper analyzes the problem of defining the time of ship seaworthiness, and discusses in detail the exemption from liability and the distribution of burden of proof of ship seaworthiness. The status of ship seaworthiness obligation is discussed and the influence of Rotterdam rules on ship seaworthiness obligation is analyzed. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the main international conventions on the carriage of goods by sea are expounded and analyzed, and the trend of international legislation is pointed out. The theory and legislation of seaworthiness obligation of ships in the United States and other countries are expounded, and the present situation and shortcomings of the theory and legislation of ship seaworthiness obligation in China are pointed out, and the two theories are compared and analyzed. Finally, on the basis of analyzing, synthesizing and referring to the foreign legislation and international conventions, the author puts forward some concrete suggestions on how to improve the theory of seaworthiness obligation of our country.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工程大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.19

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