宪法第36条及其实施中存在的问题与建议

发布时间：2018-03-11 20:40

本文选题：宗教信仰自由　切入点：政教分离　出处：《学术交流》2014年08期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：现行宪法第36条主要包括宗教信仰自由、政教分离、宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力支配等内容。目前,宪法第36条主要通过《选举法》、《刑法》及《宗教事务条例》等法律法规实施,它对于规范国家权力运行、保障公民宗教信仰自由具有非常重要的意义。但存在如下问题:1)现行宪法第36条关于宗教信仰自由的主体规定的不够全面,无法包容外国人、无国籍人等。在信仰的范围上仅指宗教,不能包括思想、民间信仰等范畴,似显狭窄。没有明确规定政教分离。2)现行法律、法规及政策与宪法存在着矛盾,不利于宗教信仰自由的落实。3)宗教信仰自由的司法救济途径缺失。4)宪法监督制度不够完善。这些问题的存在严重阻碍着宪法第36条的实施。基于此,建议:1)把宪法第36条修改为:人、公民与特定的社会组织有思想、信仰或宗教信仰自由。国家实行政教分离原则。2)激活有关宗教自由纠纷的司法,切实保障宗教信仰自由的实现。3)进一步完善违宪审查制度,确保现行宪法第36条的全面落实。
[Abstract]:Article 36 of the present Constitution mainly includes freedom of religion and belief, separation of state and religion, freedom of religious groups and religious affairs from the domination of foreign forces, etc. At present, Article 36 of the Constitution is mainly implemented by laws and regulations such as the Electoral Law, the Criminal Law and the regulations on religious Affairs, which regulate the operation of state power. It is of great importance to guarantee citizens' freedom of religious belief. However, there is the following question: 1) Article 36 of the current Constitution on the subject of freedom of religious belief is not comprehensive enough to accommodate foreigners, Stateless persons, etc. In the scope of their belief, they only refer to religion and cannot include such categories as thought, folk belief, etc. They seem to be narrow. There is no clear stipulation on the separation of church and state. 2) there are contradictions between the existing laws, regulations and policies and the Constitution. The lack of judicial remedy for freedom of religious belief. 4) the constitutional supervision system is not perfect. These problems seriously hinder the implementation of Article 36 of the Constitution. It is suggested that article 36 of the Constitution be amended to read: freedom of thought, belief or religious belief between a person, a citizen and a particular social organization. The State implements the principle of separation of church and state. 2) activates the administration of justice in disputes over religious freedom. To ensure the realization of freedom of religious belief. 3) to further improve the system of unconstitutional review to ensure the full implementation of Article 36 of the present Constitution.
【作者单位】：河南省委党校法学教研部;
【基金】：2012年国家哲学社会科学规划课题“提高党依法管理宗教事务能力研究”(12BDJ029)
【分类号】：D921

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