用历史唯物主义观点重新认识《自由大宪章》的形成和实质

发布时间：2018-03-17 13:03

本文选题：自由大宪章研究　切入点：历史唯物主义　出处：《西南政法大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：英格兰1215年的《自由大宪章》是一份写在羊皮上的法律性文件，在人类宪政史上地位显赫，，西方学术界对它的研究热潮经久不衰，但观点不一，历史观的分歧是学者们自今对此莫衷一是的原因所在。历史唯物主义是被实践证明了的科学的世界观和方法论，它为我们提供正确分析和理解历史事件和文献的一把钥匙。本文以历史唯物主义观点重新认识《自由大宪章》的形成和实质。本文对《自由大宪章》的研究既置于西欧封建社会的历史宏阔图景之中,也置于英国本国封建社会微观历史发展条件上，具体分析自由大宪章形成的历史条件。欧洲封建社会特点的形成是罗马帝国解体和东方野蛮民族冲击的结果。罗马帝国的解体既是东方蛮族入侵冲击的结果，又为西欧封建社会的形成提供了可能。东方野蛮民族从原始社会向阶级社会转变的特点，决定了作为统治阶级的东方蛮族具有原始民主政治的残留（部落民主制）,以及欧洲封建社会类似中国西周封建的封国、封君、封臣的小国寡民的封建格局；两者的结合形成了西欧封建社会的权利义务关系，这是自由大宪章形成的宏观历史条件。英国自身在封建化过程中，诺曼底征服后，威廉将英格兰盎格鲁－撒克逊封建化因素与诺曼底较为发达的封建体制结合起来。在封建采邑制经济基础上，形成与欧洲略不相同的“我的附庸的附庸也是我的附庸”的层次分明的以封建权利义务为基础的封建社会网络结构。约翰王滥用王权，巧立名目征税，冲破既定的封建权利义务关系的界限，损害封建贵族的经济利益，这是贵族反叛既而逼迫约翰以文字形式重新确认封建封君封臣权利义务关系的法律性文件《自由大宪章》的最根本缘由，也是自由大宪章产生的微观历史条件。无论从产生过程还是从其规定的内容来看，自由大宪章只是封建主阶级内部权利义务关系的“白皮书”，与现代“民主”“自由”的内容相去甚远。自由大宪章的重要影响并不在它所产生的封建社会里，而在于它对现代西方民主政治的影响。这与英国资产阶级革命的特点密不可分，更与英国资本主义的殖民扩张密切关联。英国资产阶级革命以“光荣革命”和平形式完成为《自由大宪章》继写“不朽”传奇提供了历史条件。英国资产阶级成功以《自由大宪章》为母体发展出体现资产阶级宪政民主政治的法律性文件《权利法案》。英国的资产阶级宪政民主政治又借助英国资本主义殖民扩张影响全球。现代资本主义学者对自由大宪章的研究正是以此关联性为资本主义民主政治寻找历史的根基。他们抛开其形成的具体背景和条件，为现代资本主义“民主”“自由”披上“普世”的华彩外衣。本文正是以历史唯物主义观点，基于具体的历史条件分析，得出与现代资本主义学者不同的观点，即与《自由大宪章》反映的是封建的权利义务关系一样，资本主义宪政民主政治反映的是资本主义的权利义务关系，同样是“精英政治”“特权政治”的实质。其“民主”“自由”也只是建立在资本主义私人占有所有制关系基础上的资产阶级的民主与自由。
[Abstract]:England, 1215 "Magna Carta > is a written on the parchment on legal documents, in the human history of constitutional prominent position in western academia for its research upsurge is not bad, but the view is not a history of the differences is why since this unable to agree on which is right of the scholars. Historical materialism is proved by practice the scientific world outlook and methodology, it provides a key to the correct analysis and understanding of historical events and documents for us. Based on historical materialism viewpoint to know the formation and essence of the Magna Carta < >.
This paper studies on the history of his picture "Magna Carta" is in Western Europe feudal society, but also in the UK their feudal society micro historical development conditions, specific analysis and freedom of the formation of the greatcharter historical conditions. The formation characteristics of European feudal society is the Empire of Rome and Oriental barbaricraces solution impact results. The Empire of Rome the disintegration of both Oriental Barbarian Invasion impact results, and provides the possibility for the formation of the feudal society. The characteristics of Oriental barbaricraces transition from primitive society to class society, determines the residue as the ruling class Oriental barbarian with primitive Democracy (Tribal democracy), and the European feudal society similar China feudal Princedoms. Feng Jun, the pattern of the feudal vassal of the combination of the two small territory and population; the formation of the feudal society the relationship of rights and obligations, this is the Great Charter of freedom The formation of macro historical conditions. Britain itself in feudal process, after the conquest of Normandy, William will England Anglo Saxon feudal factors and Normandy developed the feudal system together. In the feudalfiefdoms system based on economy, the feudal social network structure formation and European slightly different "my vassal vassalis my a" hierarchy of the feudal rights and obligations as the foundation. King John abuse monarchy qiaolimingmu taxation, breaking the boundaries of established feudal rights and obligations, damage the economic interests of the feudal aristocracy, the noble rebel subsequently forced John to re confirm the fundamental reason relation of the feudal feudal rights and obligations of the legal document "the Great Charter of liberties" in the form of text, micro history condition is the Great Charter of liberties produced. Both from the generating process or from the provisions of the content. The free charter is only a "white paper" of the relationship between the rights and obligations of the feudal lord class, which is far from the content of modern "democracy" and "freedom".
The influence of the Great Charter freedom is not in the feudal society, but its impact on western modern democracy. It is inseparable with the characteristics of the British bourgeois revolution, the British colonial expansion of capitalism and more closely related. The British bourgeois revolution to the "Glorious Revolution" peace form complete freedom of the Charter "" write "immortal" thelegendary provides historical conditions. The British bourgeois success with < Magna Carta > matrix for the development of bourgeois democratic politics reflects constitutional legal document "bill of rights. The British bourgeois political andconstitutional democracy by British colonial expansion global impact. Research on the liberty of modern capitalism is this the scholar relevance is the foundation of capitalist democracy for history. They put aside the formation of the specific background and conditions for the present Generation of capitalism "democracy" and "freedom" with a "universal" colorful coat. This paper is based on the historical materialism, based on the analysis of the specific historical conditions, and modern capitalism scholars differentpoint view, namely "the Great Charter of liberties" reflects the feudal right duty relations, capitalist constitutionalism and democracy is a reflection of the capitalist political rights and obligations, the same as "elite politics" and "political privileges". The essence of "democracy" and "freedom" is established in the capitalist private ownership ownership relations on the basis of the bourgeois democracy and freedom.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D956.1;DD911

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