用益物权地役权之实践及保护

发布时间：2018-05-05 09:32

本文选题：地役权 + 用益物权　；参考：《华东政法大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：地役权起源于古老的罗马法，随着实践的发展，古典时期的法学家早已认为地役权是一系列类似权利的总称。地役权的价值绝不仅仅体现在相邻不动产的利关系的调整上，是地役权为我们提供了一种用益物权的一般模式，凡事对他人不动产的用益与使用，在没有合适的他物权形式时，均可通过设立地役权的形式进行，从而获得物权性保护。时代在不断发展，两大法系关于地役权制度方面的发展体现了极大地趋同性，各国立法与判例都突破陈规，承认形式多样的地役权，使得地役权的类型与内容更趋向于自由化与私人的自治性。当事人通过意思自治达成的土地利用方式，可以地役权形式将债权转化成物权受到保护。一些隐形的民事权利、利益因此显现获得承认，进而获得物权性保障、或者在权利受损时，能获得经济补偿。比如美国立法与司法承认并保护太阳能役权、环保役权、历史文物役权。民事权利在面对政府因公共管理需要，公权力入侵时获得抗衡。我国的土地使用权制度完成了对土地资源的分配。我国人口众多，土地与空间资源紧张，权利主体对资源的排他性使用也在一定程度上造成了资源的低效率利用。地役权制度能够在当事人意思自治的基础上限制产权人土地资源的垄断使用，以发挥需役地与供役地土地的最大功效。地役权作为物权，较于债权更具稳定性与长期性、兼具弥补物权法定不足之功能，，我国地役权制度在其适用过程中若仅仅将被定位于邻地使用权，相邻关系的延伸，原有功能受限，适用范围过窄，在其他民事法律制度缺位或适用局限的情况下，已无法调整诸多不动产资源利用矛盾。因此，我们在实际运用地役权制度时，宜将地役权定位于一般用益物权之模型，为各种不动产利用方式提供物权保护。
[Abstract]:Easement originated from the ancient Roman law. With the development of practice, the jurists in the classical period considered easement as a general term of a series of similar rights. The value of easement is not only reflected in the adjustment of the interest relationship of adjacent immovable property, but also the easement provides us with a general mode of usufruct. Can be through the establishment of easements in the form of property rights to obtain protection. The development of the two major legal systems on easement system reflects a great convergence, legislation and jurisprudence of various countries have broken through the stereotypes and recognized the various forms of easement. The types and contents of easements tend to liberalize and private autonomy. Through the means of land use, the parties can convert the creditor's rights into real rights and be protected in the form of easement. Some hidden civil rights, so the benefits are recognized, and then the property rights are protected, or when the rights are damaged, they can get economic compensation. For example, the United States legislation and judicial recognition and protection of the right to solar power, environmental servitude, historical antiquities servitude. Civil rights are counterbalanced in the face of the need of public administration and the invasion of public power. China's land use right system has completed the allocation of land resources. Because of the large population and the shortage of land and space resources, the exclusive use of resources by the subject of rights also results in the inefficient utilization of resources to a certain extent. The easement system can restrict the monopoly use of land resources of property owners on the basis of the autonomy of the parties, so as to exert the maximum effect of the land for servitude and servitude. As the real right, the easement is more stable and long-term than the creditor's rights, and also has the function of making up for the deficiency of the law of real right. If the easement system in our country is only positioned as the right to use the adjacent land in its application, the extension of the adjacent relationship. The original function is limited, the scope of application is too narrow, in the absence of other civil legal systems or the application of limitations, it has been unable to adjust many contradictions in the use of real estate resources. Therefore, when we apply the easement system in practice, we should position the easement as the model of general usufruct right and provide real right protection for all kinds of real estate utilization methods.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D923.2

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