基于生境压力的发展对秦岭生物多样性保护影响研究
发布时间：2018-08-10 21:49
【摘要】：中国现在建立的自然保护区占国土面积超过15%,随着中国社会经济的快速发展,基于社会整体及社区的发展对栖息地与生物多样性保护的压力不断增强,综合来看,中国及世界生物多样性保护的主要威胁来源于栖息地丧失、外来物种、气候变化、污染和其他的威胁,其关键因素是在社会经济发展当中对资源的过度利用和对环境的破坏。秦岭是我国生物多样性最为富集的地区之一,在保护中具有重要地位。但近些年来随着经济的高速发展、资源的过度开发,秦岭的生态环境面临着严峻的形势。 为了全面和客观地认识社会经济发展对秦岭生物多样性保护的威胁,变化趋势,重点领域和问题,政策绩效等,本文主要运用描述统计,比较分析方法分别分析了主要经济发展特征、土地资源特征、人口特征及其影响、水资源利用特征及其影响、旅游资源利用特征及其影响、矿产资源利用特征及其影响；构建了“敏感(本底)-压力(干扰)-弹性(反馈)”的评价思路,结合陕西秦岭山区的区域具体特点情况,建立选取了18项评价指标构成秦岭地区生态脆弱性评价研究的指标体系,在评价方法的选择上,分别采用主观分析和客观分析的两种方法计算了陕西秦岭山区24县(区、市)的生态脆弱度,即用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标权重,综合指数法定量评价该区域生态环境的脆弱程度,分析生态脆弱性区域差异的主要原因,同时利用主成分分析法(PCA)计算区域环境的生态脆弱度,借助于ArcGIS将两种评价结果的空间差异展示出来将两种定性综合,较为客观地得出2010年陕西秦岭山区生态环境的脆弱状况并与2006年结果进行了对照分析；运用世界自然保护区委员会(WCPA)和世界自然基金会(WWF)推荐的自然保护区管理快速评估和优先性确定方法(RAPPAM),对秦岭地区部分自然保护区面临的压力和威胁及其发展趋势与对管理有效性影响进行了调查分析；在秦岭生物多样性保护管理政策现状研究成果的基础上,以可持续发展理论为指导,并结合了区域可持续发展理论、公共管理理论,秦岭生物多样性保护政策的执行、效果,运用绩效评价指数方法对秦岭生物多样性保护政策进行绩效评价研究。 结果表明：①与秦岭地区丰富生物多样性特征相对应的是较为落后的经济发展水平和土地资源依赖型的产业结构。该地区经济发展对自然资源的依赖程度较高,生态保护和农村经济发展矛盾突出；耕地资源的稀缺性、森林资源利用方式的粗放性为生物多样性保护带来了挑战；旅游资源的无序和过度开发成为野生动物栖息地的重要威胁：水资源不合理利用、矿产资源大规模开发的负面影响也不容忽视；另外该地区还存在人口增长的潜在压力。②陕西秦岭山区以中度脆弱为主,脆弱性中度的县区包括镇安县、山阳县、商南县、眉县、略阳县和西乡县,中度脆弱区面积为16272平方公里,6县区生态脆弱性空间分布占陕西秦岭山区的28.43%；生态脆弱性空间分异明显,总体而言,陕西秦岭山区生态脆弱性北部比南部低,中西部比东部低；生态压力度指数是形成该区域生态环境空间分异的重要因素,生态系统也存在一定的稳定调节机制；人类不合理经济行为的影响造成陕西秦岭山区生态脆弱性有加大的趋势。③在保护区所面临的14种威胁因子中,森林资源利用、生活观念、对资源保护的认识、旅游资源开发和利用、道路、生活性薪柴利用6个因子的影响范围较广、影响程度较高、影响时间较长,是保护区应重点控制的威胁因子；目前压力威胁因素在影响管理有效性方面的差异很明显,压力威胁因素的影响范围、影响程度和影响时间的程度越高,管理有效性受到影响的可能性也就越高。④由于社会经济发展对生物多样性保护投入和相关政策实施强度的变化,绩效评价的结果呈现一个逐渐衰减又增加的过程；虽然现行的政策在生物多样性的保护和管理上取得了一定的成果和绩效,但是秦岭的生物多样性保护管理工作正处于初始阶段,仍然存在一些弊端。论文最后,基于区域社会经济发展对秦岭生物多样性保护影响分析及评价优化了生物多样性保护政策。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's economy and society, the pressure of the development of society as a whole and community on the protection of habitat and biodiversity has been increasing. In a comprehensive view, the main threats to biodiversity protection in China and the world come from habitat loss and alien species. The key factors of climate change, pollution and other threats are the over-utilization of resources and the destruction of the environment in the course of social and economic development. Qinling Mountains is one of the most biodiversity-rich areas in China and plays an important role in protection. The environment is facing a grim situation.
In order to comprehensively and objectively understand the threat of social and economic development to the protection of biodiversity in Qinling Mountains, its changing trend, key areas and problems, and policy performance, this paper mainly uses descriptive statistics and comparative analysis methods to analyze the main economic development characteristics, land resources characteristics, demographic characteristics and their impact, water resources utilization characteristics and their effects. The impact, the characteristics of tourism resources utilization, the characteristics of mineral resources utilization and their impact are discussed. The evaluation method of "sensitive (background) - pressure (interference) - elasticity (feedback) is constructed. According to the regional specific characteristics of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province, 18 evaluation indexes are selected to constitute the index body of ecological vulnerability evaluation in Qinling Mountains. In the selection of evaluation methods, the ecological vulnerability of 24 counties (districts and cities) in Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province was calculated by subjective analysis and objective analysis, that is, the weight of each index was determined by analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the vulnerability of the ecological environment in the region was quantitatively evaluated by comprehensive index method, and the main differences of the ecological vulnerability were analyzed. At the same time, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to calculate the ecological fragility of the regional environment, and ArcGIS was used to display the spatial differences between the two evaluation results. The fragility of the ecological environment in the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province in 2010 was objectively obtained and compared with the results in 2006. However, Rapid Assessment and Priority Determination of Nature Reserve Management (RAPPAM) recommended by the Nature Reserve Board (WCPA) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has investigated and analyzed the pressures and threats faced by some nature reserves in the Qinling Mountains, their development trends and their impact on the effectiveness of management. On the basis of the research results of the current situation of the policy, and guided by the sustainable development theory, combined with the regional sustainable development theory, public management theory, the implementation and effect of the Qinling biodiversity protection policy, the performance evaluation index method was used to evaluate the performance of the Qinling biodiversity protection policy.
The results show that: (1) the relatively backward level of economic development and the land resource-dependent industrial structure correspond to the rich biodiversity in Qinling region. The extensive nature of the mode poses a challenge to biodiversity conservation; disorder and over-exploitation of tourism resources become an important threat to wildlife habitats: unreasonable use of water resources, the negative impact of large-scale development of mineral resources can not be ignored; in addition, there are potential pressures for population growth in the region. 2. Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province The middle vulnerability counties include Zhenan County, Shanyang County, Shangnan County, Meixian County, Lueyang County and Xixiang County. The middle vulnerability area is 16272 square kilometers. The spatial distribution of ecological vulnerability in six counties accounts for 28.43% of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province. The ecological pressure index is an important factor to form the spatial differentiation of the ecological environment in this region, and there is a certain stable regulation mechanism in the ecological system. The impact of human unreasonable economic behavior has caused the ecological vulnerability of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province to increase. Among them, forest resources utilization, life concept, understanding of resources protection, development and utilization of tourism resources, road and life firewood utilization have a wide range of impact, a higher degree of impact, and a longer period of impact, which should be the key threat factors to be controlled in the reserve. The difference is obvious. The higher the influence extent and the influence time are, the more likely the management effectiveness will be affected. Although the current policies have made some achievements and achievements in the protection and management of biodiversity, the protection and management of biodiversity in Qinling Mountains is still in the initial stage, and there are still some drawbacks. The policy of biodiversity conservation has been changed.
【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：Q16
本文编号：2176307
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's economy and society, the pressure of the development of society as a whole and community on the protection of habitat and biodiversity has been increasing. In a comprehensive view, the main threats to biodiversity protection in China and the world come from habitat loss and alien species. The key factors of climate change, pollution and other threats are the over-utilization of resources and the destruction of the environment in the course of social and economic development. Qinling Mountains is one of the most biodiversity-rich areas in China and plays an important role in protection. The environment is facing a grim situation.
In order to comprehensively and objectively understand the threat of social and economic development to the protection of biodiversity in Qinling Mountains, its changing trend, key areas and problems, and policy performance, this paper mainly uses descriptive statistics and comparative analysis methods to analyze the main economic development characteristics, land resources characteristics, demographic characteristics and their impact, water resources utilization characteristics and their effects. The impact, the characteristics of tourism resources utilization, the characteristics of mineral resources utilization and their impact are discussed. The evaluation method of "sensitive (background) - pressure (interference) - elasticity (feedback) is constructed. According to the regional specific characteristics of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province, 18 evaluation indexes are selected to constitute the index body of ecological vulnerability evaluation in Qinling Mountains. In the selection of evaluation methods, the ecological vulnerability of 24 counties (districts and cities) in Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province was calculated by subjective analysis and objective analysis, that is, the weight of each index was determined by analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the vulnerability of the ecological environment in the region was quantitatively evaluated by comprehensive index method, and the main differences of the ecological vulnerability were analyzed. At the same time, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to calculate the ecological fragility of the regional environment, and ArcGIS was used to display the spatial differences between the two evaluation results. The fragility of the ecological environment in the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province in 2010 was objectively obtained and compared with the results in 2006. However, Rapid Assessment and Priority Determination of Nature Reserve Management (RAPPAM) recommended by the Nature Reserve Board (WCPA) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has investigated and analyzed the pressures and threats faced by some nature reserves in the Qinling Mountains, their development trends and their impact on the effectiveness of management. On the basis of the research results of the current situation of the policy, and guided by the sustainable development theory, combined with the regional sustainable development theory, public management theory, the implementation and effect of the Qinling biodiversity protection policy, the performance evaluation index method was used to evaluate the performance of the Qinling biodiversity protection policy.
The results show that: (1) the relatively backward level of economic development and the land resource-dependent industrial structure correspond to the rich biodiversity in Qinling region. The extensive nature of the mode poses a challenge to biodiversity conservation; disorder and over-exploitation of tourism resources become an important threat to wildlife habitats: unreasonable use of water resources, the negative impact of large-scale development of mineral resources can not be ignored; in addition, there are potential pressures for population growth in the region. 2. Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province The middle vulnerability counties include Zhenan County, Shanyang County, Shangnan County, Meixian County, Lueyang County and Xixiang County. The middle vulnerability area is 16272 square kilometers. The spatial distribution of ecological vulnerability in six counties accounts for 28.43% of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province. The ecological pressure index is an important factor to form the spatial differentiation of the ecological environment in this region, and there is a certain stable regulation mechanism in the ecological system. The impact of human unreasonable economic behavior has caused the ecological vulnerability of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province to increase. Among them, forest resources utilization, life concept, understanding of resources protection, development and utilization of tourism resources, road and life firewood utilization have a wide range of impact, a higher degree of impact, and a longer period of impact, which should be the key threat factors to be controlled in the reserve. The difference is obvious. The higher the influence extent and the influence time are, the more likely the management effectiveness will be affected. Although the current policies have made some achievements and achievements in the protection and management of biodiversity, the protection and management of biodiversity in Qinling Mountains is still in the initial stage, and there are still some drawbacks. The policy of biodiversity conservation has been changed.
【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：Q16
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