流水单元下基于fNIRS的脑力疲劳对绩效的影响机制与因应

发布时间：2018-04-22 04:24

本文选题：轻度装配任务 + 流水制造单元　；参考：《江苏科技大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：流水线生产是具有高效率的生产组织方式,但在多品种、中小批量生产成为当今以至今后生产主流的情况下,流水线生产组织方式须加变革,流水生产的单元化构建与实施就是一种新型的、有着广阔发展前景的生产组织方式。同时,传统流水生产的过度作业单纯化和主要基于动作经济原则所设计的生产节拍,造成作业者脑力负荷高,影响作业者健康,也不利于生产线可持续高效率的保持,这一矛盾在企业面临多品种生产和社会劳动力供给量及结构发生重大改变的当下,已更为突出。目前大部分研究主要聚焦在作业者体力负荷问题,关于流水制造单元装配线作业者的脑力疲劳及其神经响应机制研究一直很少。因此,本文将采用最新的神经人因学研究技术——近红外光谱技术(NIRS)监测流水制造单元中作业者完成不同负荷水平的重复装配任务时,大脑在前额叶皮层(PFC)与双侧运动皮层(MA)的响应,以探究作业者脑力负荷的变化及其影响,从而提高作业者的生产效率和安全性,有效指导企业生产现场的工作计划安排。本研究以探究不同负荷任务对作业者脑力负荷及绩效的影响为目的。在企业现场调研的基础上,通过实验室模拟化油器装配线展开实验。实验室模拟具有能够克服企业现场数据采集困难,实验变量和生产条件易于控制,优化和改善方案便于验证的优点。在本次实验中,共34名被试参与实验。通过时间轴分析制定了两种工作负荷任务(中等负荷VS.高等负荷)。在此基础上,为了探究疲劳对行为绩效的影响,本研究在装配实验前后需要被试进行动作稳定性及记忆力广度测试。并将所采集的数据采用NIRS_SPM、Matlab与SPSS进行降采样、数据筛选、数据的平滑处理、ROI分析和相关性分析等。本研究表明被试在完成流水制造单元下高等负荷重复装配任务时,动作稳定性降低,导致PFC激活程度增加,左侧运动区激活减少。这些结果表明重复性装配任务对作业者的认知和生理疲劳产生了影响,使得作业者的绩效降低,并对行为控制能力产生了影响。同时,高等负荷条件下作业者的脑力负荷随时间的变化规律,贴近“倒U”形模式。在装配作业的初期,被试为了完成加工任务会付出相应的努力来进行能力相关性补偿,该补偿过程是暂时性的。在该过程中被试的脑力负荷呈先上升后下降的趋势,其任务绩效逐渐上升。在装配作业中期,被试完成装配任务的绩效达到最佳水平,脑力负荷也降至最低。随着时间的增加,在装配任务后期,被试开始出现疲劳现象,自身所能够调用的脑力资源等减少。在该过程中脑力负荷上升,绩效下降。在该阶段被试完成的是任务相关性补偿。通过相关性分析发现在装配任务初期被试主要调用的是左侧背外侧前额叶皮层、双侧初级运动皮层与辅助运动皮层的资源。在装配任务中期被试主要调用的是右侧背外侧前额叶皮层与内侧前额叶皮层的资源。在装配任务后期,被试主要调用的是内侧前额叶皮层的资源。这也丰富了“倒U”形模式的理论基础。因此,从现实的角度来看,企业应当结合作业者的脑力和体力疲劳来制定正确的管理策略以提升他们的工作效率和心理健康水平,从而减少潜在的工业事故的发生。通过本次实验也可以说明,NIRS也许能够为真实工业环境中作业者的心理状态监测,提供一个新的途径。同时,根据研究结果本文制定了相应的疲劳缓解与人员调度方案,为企业实际生产中的人员管理提供了新的参考。
[Abstract]:Production line production is an efficient way of production organization, but in the case of many varieties, small and medium-sized production has become the mainstream of production today and in the future, the organization mode of pipeline production must be changed. The unit construction and implementation of flow production is a new type of production organization with broad prospects for development. The simplification of over operation of water production and the production rhythm designed mainly based on the principle of action economy have caused the high mental load of the practitioners, the health of the practitioners, and the sustainable and efficient maintenance of the production line. This contradiction is confronted with the major changes in the production of multiple varieties and the supply and structure of the social labor force in the enterprise. At present, most of the research focuses on the physical load of the practitioners. There are few studies on the mental fatigue and the neural response mechanism of the assembly line operators. Therefore, this paper will use the latest neurohuman research technology, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), to monitor the flow of manufacturing units. The brain responds to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and bilateral motor cortex (MA) in response to the repetitive assembly tasks of different load levels, in order to explore the changes in the workload of the practitioners and their effects, thus improving the productivity and safety of the practitioners, and effectively guiding the work schedule of the production site. The effect of the same load task on the mental load and performance of the workers was carried out. On the basis of the field investigation of the enterprise, the experiment was carried out through the simulated carburetor assembly line in the laboratory. The laboratory simulation has the advantages of overcoming the difficulties of data acquisition in the field of the enterprise, the experimental variables and the production conditions are easy to control, and the optimization and improvement of the scheme are easy to verify. In this experiment, a total of 34 subjects were involved in the experiment. Two workload tasks (medium load VS. higher load) were established by the time axis analysis. On this basis, in order to explore the effect of fatigue on behavior performance, this study needs to be tested for action stability and memory span before and after the assembly experiment. According to the use of NIRS_SPM, Matlab and SPSS for descending sampling, data screening, data smoothing, ROI analysis and correlation analysis, this study shows that the action stability is reduced, the activation degree of PFC is increased, and the activation area of the left side is reduced. The complex assembly task has an impact on the cognitive and physiological fatigue of the practitioners, which reduces the performance of the practitioners and has an impact on the ability to control the behavior. At the same time, the mental load of the practitioners under the higher load conditions is close to the "inverted U" pattern. At the early stage of the assembly operation, the subjects were tried to complete the processing task. The compensation process is temporary. In the process, the mental load of the subjects rises first and then decreases, and its task performance is increasing. In the middle of the assembly operation, the performance of the assembly task is at the best level, and the mental load is also reduced to the lowest. At the end of the assembly task, the subjects began to appear fatigue, and the brain resources that could be invoked by themselves were reduced. In this process, the brain load was increased and the performance was reduced. The resources of the cortex, bilateral primary motor cortex and auxiliary motor cortex. In the middle of the assembly task, the subjects were mainly called resources of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex. At the end of the assembly task, the subjects were mainly called resources of the medial prefrontal cortex. This also enriched the theoretical basis of the "inverted U" pattern. Therefore, from a practical point of view, enterprises should combine the mental and physical fatigue of the practitioners to formulate correct management strategies to improve their work efficiency and mental health, thus reducing the occurrence of potential industrial accidents. By this experiment, it can also be shown that NIRS may be able to be a professional in the real industrial environment. The psychological state monitoring provides a new way. At the same time, according to the results of the study, the corresponding fatigue mitigation and personnel scheduling scheme has been formulated, which provides a new reference for the personnel management in the actual production of enterprises.

【学位授予单位】：江苏科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F272.92

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