科学活动的自主性与社会性的理论探析

发布时间：2018-06-15 15:09

本文选题：科学活动 + 自主性　；参考：《苏州大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：科学活动中的自主性和社会性真实的状态是什么？站在逻辑实证主义立场的默顿所主张的科学观告诉我们：科学是真理性、客观性的连续积累进步性的事业，所以科学内部中的科学活动是完全客观自主的。以此为前提，在科学的社会学研究中他拒绝研究科学知识，即把科学知识给“黑箱化”处理了，换言之，生产科学知识的科学活动具有绝对的自主性。然而，这种带有理想化色彩的思想，随着SSK的异军突起受到了强烈的批判，SSK把科学知识视为社会的建构，用社会性完全消解了科学客观性，走向了传统科学观的另一端。而库恩的范式理论则从整体意义上开启了对科学研究的历史学转向。这种转向也意味着对传统标准科学观的抛弃。在科学常规时期，科学的社会性内化成了科学的自主性，而在科学革命时期，科学活动的自主性与当时的社会历史条件产生的境域性结合，又成了革新科学的动力。最终在实践科学观的基础上得出本文的主旨，科学活动中自主性和社会性之间不是彼此孤立的而是存在着动态平衡。本文以探讨科学活动中的自主性和社会性为核心，包括绪言和结语在内共六章内容。第一章通过对默顿科学规范的梳理，得出：站在实证主义立场的默顿认为科学内部是“绝对客观”的，把科学知识作为理所当然的前提，只考虑了科学的微观社会环境（即科学与外部经济、政治、文化之间），所以默顿科学便成了有依据的“应然”科学，有些倾向于理想化；第二章梳理了以社会为核心的SSK的科学观，其主张是：科学是社会建构的，完全消解了默顿科学观中所主张的科学的客观性，，走向了传统科学观的另一端；第三章梳理了库恩的范式理论，核心阐述了范式：维持科学和打破科学的场域。第四章在实践科学观的基础上总结性的概括了前面三大思想在阐述科学活动的自主性与社会性时各自所存在的利弊，引出了本文的核心内容：真实的科学活动中自主性和社会性之间存在着“必要的张力”，即自主性和社会性之间保持着动态平衡，这种平衡也维持了科学的稳定发展。
[Abstract]:What is the state of autonomy and social reality in scientific activities? The view of science advocated by Merton, who stands on the standpoint of logical positivism, tells us that science is the cause of truth and objectivity, so the scientific activities in science are completely objective and independent. On this premise, he refuses to study scientific knowledge in the sociological research of science, that is to say, he deals with scientific knowledge in a "black box". In other words, the scientific activities of producing scientific knowledge have absolute autonomy. However, with the rise of SSK, SSK regards scientific knowledge as the construction of society, completely dispels the objectivity of science with sociality, and moves towards the other end of the traditional view of science. Kuhn's paradigm theory opens the historical turn of scientific research in the whole sense. This turn also means abandoning the traditional standard view of science. In the normal period of science, the social internalization of science became the autonomy of science, and in the period of scientific revolution, the combination of autonomy of scientific activities with the social and historical conditions at that time became the motive force for the innovation of science. Finally, on the basis of the practical view of science, the main idea of this paper is that there is a dynamic balance between autonomy and sociality in scientific activities, not isolated from each other. This paper discusses the autonomy and sociality of scientific activities, including the introduction and conclusion of six chapters. In the first chapter, by combing Merton's scientific norms, it is concluded that Merton, who stands on the positivism standpoint, thinks that the interior of science is "absolutely objective" and takes scientific knowledge as a natural prerequisite. Considering only the micro social environment of science (that is, between science and external economy, politics and culture), Merton science has become a "ought to be" science, some of which tend to be idealized; The second chapter combs SSK's view of science with the society as the core, which claims that science is constructed by society, completely dispels the objectivity of science advocated in Merton's view of science, and moves towards the other end of traditional view of science; The third chapter combs Kuhn's paradigm theory, and expounds the paradigm: maintaining science and breaking the field of science. The fourth chapter summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the first three thoughts in explaining the autonomy and sociality of scientific activities on the basis of practical view of science. This paper leads to the core content of this paper: there is a "necessary tension" between autonomy and sociality in real scientific activities, that is to say, there is a dynamic balance between autonomy and sociality, which also maintains the steady development of science.
【学位授予单位】：苏州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：G301

【相似文献】