基础有机化学品国际贸易与环境影响转移研究

发布时间：2018-02-24 09:33

本文关键词： 基础有机化学品复杂网络化学反应国际贸易污染转移　出处：《清华大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：化学工业产品众多，国际贸易复杂，环境影响类型又非常多元化，这些因素共同决定了对化学品贸易中环境影响转移的考量并非易事。本文引入了复杂网络方法，对基础有机化学品的反应网络、国际贸易网络及其环境影响转移开展了研究。首先，构建了基础有机化学品反应网络，解析了基础有机化学品之间的化学关联关系；接着，基于Comtrade数据构建了国际贸易网络并解析了国际贸易特征；最后，引用Gabi5及eBalance生命周期评价数据库相关环境影响数据对化学品贸易的环境影响转移进行了分析。研究结果显示，基础有机化学品反应网络具有明显的小世界特征，反映出从一种原料生成一种产品短的反应路径长度；入度累积度分布为指数分布，出度累积度分布近似服从高节点度处受到限制的幂律分布，反映出网络中生成一种产品所需要的原料数量的均匀性和由一种原料出发所能得到的产品数量的非均匀性；网络具有明显的层级结构和核心产品，以乙烯、丙烯的核心度最高。基础有机化学品世界贸易体系存在着“核心-半边缘-边缘”结构特征；乙烯、丙烯无权贸易网络为近似服从幂律分布的无标度网络，也即贸易网络中各个国家所拥有的贸易关系数呈现出非均质性，其权重网络呈现出两段截断幂律分布，，以截断点为界划分出了主要贸易国家；同时，网络为异配网络，贸易量多的国家与贸易量少的国家之间的贸易关系数要多于贸易量多的国家之间的关系数。对乙烯下游产品PVC国际贸易分析显示，贸易中地区间存在着贸易结构差异，为数不多的国家承担了较大量的PVC产品出口，另外有为数不多的国家扮演着主要消费国的角色；伴随着PVC贸易的环境影响转移分析结果显示，贸易带来了污染的跨国转移。发展中国家和发达国家生产同种产品存在着单位产品污染物排放量上的差异，发展中国家的出口行为增加了本国的环境负担，发达国家的出口行为减轻了发展中国家的环境负担，并降低了全球污染物排放总量。
[Abstract]:The chemical industry has a large number of products, complex international trade, and very diverse types of environmental impact. These factors together determine that it is not easy to consider the environmental impact transfer in chemical trade. In this paper, a complex network method is introduced. The reaction network of basic organic chemicals, international trade network and its environmental impact transfer are studied. Firstly, the reaction network of basic organic chemicals is constructed, and the chemical correlation between basic organic chemicals is analyzed. Based on the Comtrade data, the international trade network is constructed and the characteristics of international trade are analyzed. Finally, the environmental impact transfer of chemical trade is analyzed by using the environmental impact data of Gabi5 and eBalance life cycle assessment database. The results show that the basic organic chemical reaction network has the characteristic of small world, which reflects the short reaction path length of a product from a raw material, and the cumulative degree distribution is exponential distribution. The distribution of output cumulation is similar to the power law distribution which is limited from the high nodal degree, which reflects the uniformity of the quantity of raw materials needed to produce a product in the network and the non-uniformity of the quantity of the product that can be obtained from one kind of raw material. The network has obvious hierarchical structure and core products, with the highest core degree of ethylene and propylene. The basic organic chemicals world trade system has the "core-half edge-edge" structure characteristic. In other words, the number of trade relations owned by each country in the trade network shows heterogeneity, and the weight network presents two truncated power law distributions, and the main trading countries are divided by the truncation point. At the same time, the network is a heterodyne network. The number of trade relations between countries with high volume of trade and countries with low volume of trade is more than that between countries with high volume of trade. The international trade analysis of ethylene downstream product PVC shows that there are trade structure differences among regions in the trade, a few countries undertake a large number of exports of PVC products, and a few countries play the role of major consumer countries. The results of environmental impact transfer analysis of PVC trade show that trade brings transnational transfer of pollution. There are differences in pollutant emissions per unit between developing countries and developed countries in producing the same products. The export behavior of developing countries increases their own environmental burden, while that of developed countries lightens the environmental burden of developing countries and reduces the total amount of global pollutant emissions.
【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F746;F416.72;X22

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