中国天然气定价的社会福利分析

发布时间：2018-07-29 19:04

【摘要】：近年来，随着“气荒”的多次出现，“天然气大幅涨价”的各种传闻多次成为舆论的焦点。今年两会报告中提及要在天然气领域“全面实施天然气价格改革”，发挥价格在资源配置中的基础作用。天然气定价机制是否合理，必然影响天然气资源配置及及其带来的社会福利效果，研究天然气定价机制及其社会福利效应就具有十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。天然气作为耗竭性资源，具有不可再生性，由于其作为资源性商品的特性和普通商品不尽相同，因此，其定价机制也应与一般商品存在差异。在我国，天然气行业属于自然垄断行业，同时，天然气生产、运输、销售的行业属性与不同的定价机制相结合对社会福利的影响也有所不同。本文回顾了天然气的国际、国内定价方法和实践，，并从产业链的角度刻画天然气价格。在此基础上，运用国家统计局及相关油气公司网站数据，计算了我国天然气市场上主要三家油气公司（中石油、中石化、中海油）的勒纳指数，分析它们在我国天然气市场上的各自的市场势力大小，进而分析了天然气销售价格低于生产成本的“价格倒挂”，以及国产气与进口气之间形成的“两种价格”背后的原因，并据此构建出反映两类价格的模型。研究表明：天然气价格上涨，社会福利的短期损失小于长期，对进口天然气需求的影响小于对国产天然气需求的影响。通过本文研究，在定价方面的基本结论是：在定价机制上，一般情况下实现社会福利最大的定价方式是边际成本定价，而在天然气领域里存在的众多定价方式中，目前较为合适的定价方式是市场净回值定价法。同时，阶梯气价也有可能得以推行。最后，本文针对我国天然气定价机制和价格革分别提出了从产业链、政府、行业和企业四个层面的政策建议。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the emergence of "gas shortage", all kinds of rumors have become the focus of public opinion many times. This year's report of the two meetings referred to the "comprehensive implementation of natural gas price reform" in the field of natural gas and the basic role of the price in the allocation of resources. However, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the pricing mechanism of natural gas and its social welfare effect by the allocation of gas resources and its social welfare effects.
As an exhaustible resource, natural gas is not renewable. Because of its characteristics and common goods as a resource commodity, its pricing mechanism should also differ from the general commodity. In our country, the natural gas industry belongs to the natural monopoly industry, and the industry attributes of natural gas production, transportation and sales and different pricing machines. The combination of institutions has different effects on social welfare.
This paper reviews the international, domestic pricing methods and practices of natural gas, and describes the price of natural gas from the perspective of industrial chain. On this basis, the Lerner Index of the three major oil and gas companies (Sinopec, Sinopec and CNOOC) in China's natural gas market is calculated by using the National Statistics Bureau and the related oil and gas companies' website data. The size of the market forces in China's natural gas market, and then the analysis of the "price upside down" of the price of natural gas below the production cost and the reasons behind the "two kinds of prices" formed between domestic gas and imported gas, and to build a model for reflecting the two kinds of prices. The study shows that the price of natural gas is rising and social welfare is good. The short-term loss of profit is less than that of long term, and the impact on import natural gas demand is less than that of domestic natural gas demand.
In this paper, the basic conclusion of the pricing is that in the pricing mechanism, the most common way to achieve social welfare is marginal cost pricing, while in many of the pricing modes in the natural gas field, the current pricing method is the market net return pricing method. At the same time, the staircase gas price is also possible. Finally, in view of China's natural gas pricing mechanism and price competition, the paper puts forward four policy proposals from the industrial chain, government, industry and enterprises.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F426.22;F299.24;F224

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