民国时期的酒政研究

发布时间：2018-11-06 19:41

【摘要】：酒是人类的一项饮食发明，在人类所有的饮食文明形态中，我们几乎都可以见到酒的存在。中国的酿酒同样具有久远的历史。早在五千年以前，华夏先民就以其特有的聪明才智，从谷物的发酵中获得了酒，让一代又一代的人为之畅饮，为之陶醉。在浩瀚的历史长河中，就伴随着人类的繁衍而传递到今天，仍然保持了它特有的活力。酒的出现，首先产生的是社会效益。从经济方面看，承续千年的酿酒产业曾经吸纳了数不清的从业人员，历朝历代的酒税酒课也时时刻刻补充着国计民生，酒的产业运作早已成为国民经济链条中一个很重要的组成部分，酿酒业所产生的巨额附加值也一直为经济人士所关注。从消费领域看，酒既是一种食品，也属于奢侈品，每当灾荒来临、食物短缺的时候，历代王朝都会限制酿酒，以节约粮食；而当社会繁荣、生活富裕的时候，酒又会成为刺激消费的主导产品，拉动经济的高涨。在中国历史的进程中，酒业始终是调节经济形态和产业结构的常用杠杆。酒的出现，为社会提供了一种人际交往的手段。众人在一起喝酒，共同举杯，彼此相敬，远方有来客，故友再相逢，略备小酌，开怀畅饮，胜过一切表白。酒的作用已经远远超出了食品的范畴，而成为人际关系的纽带和感情交流的媒介。民国时期，酒的种类丰富，不仅保留了清代以来的烧酒、黄酒、果酒等传统酒种，自清末开放通商口岸以来，外国的啤酒、葡萄酒、伏特加等酒类也涌入中国，这些新型的酒种，逐渐被国人所接受，销量逐年上升。特别是在大中城市，曾一度以吃西餐、喝洋酒为时尚，不少政府官员就将宴饮的场所改在西式酒楼。酒类消费量的增大，利润的增多，刺激了不少商人投资开办酒厂，不仅如此，在上海、东三省、山东半岛等外国人居住较多的地区，外资酒厂和中外合资的酒厂也出现了。民国时期的酒业形成了以东部地区（绍兴及其周边地区除外）生产新式酒类为主，中西部地区生产传统酒类为主的工业格局。自清末开始，中国的交通方式有了较大的变化，由传统的马车和内河航运发展成为公路、铁路、海运并存的多种多样的运输方式。民国时期，新型的运输方式——航空运输出现。运输的方便快捷，使酒类的跨区域流通成为可能，酒类的销售市场较之清代有了极大的扩展。就连不易储存的绍兴酒都可以贩运至北京和广东销售，更不用说经过了消毒处理的葡萄酒和啤酒等酒类了。销售市场的扩大又进一步促进了酒类的生产和酒厂的建立。民国建立之前，中国的商人就有比较强的品牌意识，随着社会的发展，报纸成为宣传的重要手段，刊登在报纸上的广告屡见不鲜。实业部等部门为了促进商业的发展，连续举办了几届商品博览会，也成为各类酒商进行宣传的重要方式。民国政府在政策上改变了清代后期的重税政策，将酒类改为专卖，专卖又与古代的榷酤有所不同，而且在近代不同时期对酒的税收政策也有很大不同。特别是南京国民政府时期，酒税制度经过了不断地尝试和调整，某些规定已经是比较合理的。但不论政策怎么变话，政府都力图将酒利为国家所用。纵观民国政府时期的酒政，可以看出酒税称为国家财政的一个重要组成部分，但是国家利用酒税来达到调节酒类生产和消费的目的却并没有达到。文章分四个时期阐述了民国的酒政，试图理清酒政在民国时期的发展及变化，及其所起到的作用，使其对现代酒业的发展的起到借鉴作用。酒经过了中华民族五千多年的发展，几乎渗透到社会生活的各个领域。中国饮酒、酒器、酒俗的历史，，可以上溯到人类社会发展的上古时期。到了近代，中国的酒器、酒具等，逐渐推陈出新，陶罐、瓷罐等酒器在形状上改变较大、花样繁多，玻璃酒器、锡制酒具的出现适应了新式酒类的需要。酒俗方面，基本上继承了自古以来的风俗，对酒礼酒德的要求也更加细致。我国的酒文化已经形成了一个内涵丰富、系统而完整的体系。
[Abstract]:The wine is a human diet, and in all the human diet and civilization, we can hardly see the existence of the wine. China's wine also has a long history. As early as five thousand years ago, the Chinese people, with their own intelligence, obtained wine from the fermentation of the grain, and made the first generation of people drink and intoxicated. In the vast historical river, it has been transferred to today with the multiplication of the human being, and its special vitality is still maintained. The emergence of wine, first of all, is the society From the economic aspect, the wine-making industry of the continued millennium has absorbed many of the employees, and the wine-and-wine courses of the past dynasties are also constantly replenished with the people's livelihood, and the industrial operation of the wine has long been a very important component of the national economy chain In part, the huge added value of the wine industry has also been the economic person In the field of consumption, wine is not only a kind of food, it also belongs to the luxury, every time the famine comes, the food is short, the dynasties of the past dynasties will limit the wine to save the grain; and when the society is prosperous and the life is rich, the wine will become the lead of the stimulation consumption The product, pulling the economy. In the course of Chinese history, the wine industry has always been the most common way to adjust the economic form and the industrial structure The appearance of the wine provides a kind of interpersonal relationship to the society The means of communication. The people drink together, raise the cup together, to each other, and to the visitors in the distance. The effect of the wine is far beyond the scope of the food, and becomes the bond and the feeling of human relations. During the period of the Republic of China, the variety of wine is rich, not only retains the traditional wine such as the wine, the yellow wine and the fruit wine since the Qing Dynasty, since the opening of the trade port in the late Qing Dynasty, the foreign beer, wine, vodka and other wines also poured into China, and these new types of wine, gradually being picked up by the Chinese As a result, sales increase year by year. In particular, in large and medium-sized cities, once to eat western food and drink wine as a fashion, many government officials will have a banquet The place is changed to the western-style wine tower. The increase of the consumption of the wine and the increase of the profit have stimulated many businessmen to invest in the winery. In addition, in Shanghai, the three provinces, Shandong Peninsula and other foreigners live in many areas, foreign-funded wineries and foreign and foreign countries The wine industry in the Republic of China has formed a new type of wine mainly in the eastern region (except for Shaoxing and its surrounding area), and the central and western regions produce traditional wine. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the traffic mode of China has changed greatly, and the traditional carriage and inland waterway development have become the road, railway and sea transportation. A variety of modes of transport. The Republic of China, a new type of transport. The transportation mode _ air transport appears. The transportation is convenient and fast, so that the cross-area circulation of the wine becomes possible, and the sales market of the wine Compared with the Qing Dynasty, it has greatly expanded. Even the less storage of Shaoxing wine can be sold to Beijing and Guangdong, not to mention the disinfection treatment Wine and beer, etc. The expansion of the sales market is further promoted The production of wine and the establishment of the winery. Before the founding of the Republic of China, the Chinese businessmen have a strong sense of brand. With the development of society, the newspaper has become an important means of propaganda and publication. In order to promote the development of the business, the industry and other sectors have held several exhibitions of commodities in order to promote the development of the business. The government of the Republic of China has changed the heavy tax policy in the later period of the Qing Dynasty, changed the wine to monopoly, and the monopoly was different from that of the ancient times, and in the modern times During the period of Nanjing National Government, the wine tax system has been constantly tried and adjusted. Some of the rules have been more reasonable, however, no matter how the policy is changed, The government is trying to bring wine to the country. Throughout the period of the Republic of China's wine administration, it can be seen that the wine tax is known as an important part of the state finance, but the state uses the alcohol tax to achieve the regulation of the wine The purpose of production and consumption is not reached. The article expounds the wine administration in the Republic of China in four periods, tries to clarify the development and change of the wine and government in the period of the Republic of China, and its role to make it The development of the modern wine industry has played a reference role. The wine has been through the Chinese nation for more than five thousand years Development, almost every area of social life. China's history of drinking, wine and wine. and can be traced back to the ancient times of the development of the human society. The appearance of tin-making wine has been adapted to the needs of the new type of wine. The custom of wine and wine is also more detailed. The wine culture in our country is already in shape
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F426.82

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