我国农村居民收入差距与财政调节研究

发布时间：2018-07-01 17:27

本文选题：农村居民 + 收入差距　；参考：《西南财经大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：经过改革开放30多年的发展,我国居民生活水平有了显著提高。据国家统计局数据,到2013年年底,我国GDP总量达到了568845亿元(约为9.3万亿美元),其中农村居民人均纯收入为8896元,扣除价格因素实际增长9.3%,高出GDP实际增速1.6个百分点。1可见,我国农村经济发展迅速,农村居民收入水平大幅提升。但是农村内部、城乡之间、区域之间、省际之间农村居民收入差距却呈现出扩大的趋势,农村居民收入差距的扩大势必会阻碍我国经济的健康发展。从2003年开始,中央政府连续11年以“一号文件”的形式关注三农问题,每次落脚点都是促进农村居民增收,缩小农村居民收入差距。缩小我国农村居民收入差距,促进农村居民增收是涉及我国民生的大问题,是保障国民经济稳步发展的重要条件。本文将采用现代经济学方法,结合农村的实际情况,使用极值指标体系、离均差指标、基尼系数、泰尔指数等指标分析我国农村居民收入差距现状,利用主成分分析法探析收入差距扩大的因素,根据上述分析提出相应的对策建议。全文分为以下五个方面。第一部分是绪论部分。首先论述的是研究背景和意义。本文研究背景是不断扩大的农村居民收入差距严重影响我国和谐社会的建设,并引起了党和政府的高度重视。农村居民收入差距的基尼系数从1984的0.2770,上升到1997年0.3312,2012年达到0.3897,按这个趋势发展,农村居民收入差距的基尼系数将超过0.4的国际“警戒线”,导致农村居民贫富差距悬殊,阻碍我国经济的又快又好发展。同时,党的十八大提出解决好“三农”问题是工作的重中之重,2014年中央一号文件要求进一步加快推进农业现代化。本文研究的意义是期待能对当前农村居民收入差距的缩小和农民增收的问题有所推进。因为农村居民收入差距问题解决与否,关系到整个社会的稳定,关系到整个国民经济的持续、快速、健康地发展,对于全面建设小康社会,构建社会主义和谐社会,实现共同富裕有着重要的意义。接着介绍了本文的研究思路及方法。其次对国内外的文献进行了回顾。国内外的学者利用不同的数据和不同的统计方式,通过不同的视角,获得了很多的研究结论,给我们提供了很多的理论借鉴和支撑。国外的学者比较倾向于使用计量模型对我国农村居民收入差距进行分析,而国内的研究大多测算的是东部、中部和西部三大地区之间的农村收入差距,通常按照收入来源(家庭经营性收入、工资性收入、财产性收入和转移性收入)进行基尼系数分解。最后指出本文的创新之处与不足之处。第二部分介绍收入差距的相关理论、测量指标及分析方法。首先界定收入差距的相关概念。本文对收入(家庭人均纯收入和人均可支配收入)、收入分配、收入差距和财政调节等概念进行了界定。接着介绍了库兹涅茨倒U理论、地区与个人收入差距理论。最后介绍了农村居民收入差距的测量指标与分析方法。其中包括：极值指标体系(极值差和极值差率)、离均差指标(离均差和相对离均差)、基尼系数、泰尔指数和主成分分析法。第三部分分析我国农村居民收入差距的现状。首先介绍农村居民收入的总体收入差距情况。我国农村居民收入从2002年人均纯收入2476元增长到2012年人均纯收入7917元,增加额为5441元,年增长率为19.9%。同时,城乡居民收入差距不断扩大,农村人均纯收入落后于城镇人均纯收入,且收入差距巨大。接着对我国农村居民收入差距进行测量。基于极值指标体系分析农村居民的收入差距,结果显示我国自2002年到2012年农村居民收入最高的省份为上海,而收入最低的省份有西藏、贵州和甘肃等西部省份。2002年到2012年十多年间极值差率变化一直不大,极值差率从最高值4.605下降到3.951,说明农村居民收入的相对收入差距整体趋于缩小。基于基尼系数分析农村居民的收入差距,结果显示2002—2012年我国农村居民收入差距处于上升的态势,在2012年中国农村居民基尼系数已达到0.3897,正在逼近0.4的国际警戒线。最后基于对农村居民收入差距分解的分析。一是基于行政区划分解农村居民收入差距,结果显示我国31个省(直辖市、自治区)的农村居民人均纯收入差距很明显,位于东部的上海、北京、天津等城市农村居民收入较高,位于中部的河南、湖南、湖北等省市收入水平居中,甘肃、贵州等西部地区的省市农村居民收入处于最低的水平。省内差异对居民收入差距贡献较大,2012年省内差异对收入差距的贡献率为77.6%；省间差异贡献较小,2012年省间差异对收入差距的贡献率为22.4%。说明我国农村居民收入差距主要来自于省内差距。东中西三大区域之间收入差距呈现不断上升的趋势(从2008年的0.0281上升到2011年的0.0330),对总体差距的贡献较小(2011年为13.4%),而三大区域内部收入差距呈轻微下降的趋势(从2009年的0.2198上升到2011年的0.2140),但对总体差距的贡献较大(2011年为86.6%)。二是基于收入来源分解农村居民收入差距,结果显示家庭经营性收入的比重最大(2012年占比44.6%),是农民收入的第一主要来源,但总体处于下降的趋势(从2003年的58.8%下降到2012年的44.6%)；工资性收入比重仅低于家庭经营性收入,处于不断上升的阶段(从2003年的35%上升到2012年的43.5%)；转移性收入和财产性收入属于非农收入,虽然占总收入的比重较少,但是对总收入的影响越来越重要,其对我国农村居民收入差距的影响也在不断上升。三是对农村居民收入五等份分组,结果显示高收入户增长额增长最快(高收入户从2002年5903元增长到2012年的19008.89元,增长额为13105.89元,年增长率20.18%),而中等偏高收入户的年增长率最高(中等偏高收入户从2002年的3031元上升到2012年的10142.08元,增长了7111.08元,年增长率21.3%)。2002年高收入农户收入为5903元,低收入农户收入为857,2012年高收入农户收入为19008.89元,低收入农户收入为2316.21元,高低农户收入比由2002年的6.89倍增加到2012年的8.21倍,故高低农户的收入差距在不断拉大。由此可见,农村居民收入差距呈现扩大的态势。第四部分探析我国农村居民收入差距的影响因素。一是归纳影响我国农村居民收入差距的主要因素。本文认为自然环境与区位差异,接受教育水平和技能培训差异,我国区域经济发展的差异是引起我国农村居民收入差距扩大的主要因素。二是基于主成分分析法探析我国农村居民收入差距。本文选取了农村居民人均纯收入作为因变量,选取农村耕地总面积、农业机械总动力、农林牧渔总产值、农产品价格指数、人口城镇化率和农村居民的工资性收入为自变量因素。根据主成分分析和回归分析,影响农村居民收入因素排名第一的是农村居民的工资性收入,回归系数为0.3051。其他因素依次为：农业机械总动力(0.2055)、人口城镇化率(0.2048)、农林牧渔总产值(0.2032)、农村耕地总面积(0.175)和农产品生产价格指数(0.0244)。第五部分为研究结论与对策建议。针对上述影响我国农村居民收入差距的因素,提出相应的对策建议。首先加强农村基础设施建设,加大财政扶持力度；其次,加大对农村地区科技和教育的财政投入；然后,完善农业财政补贴政策与利益补偿机制；再然后,完善农村地区的社会保障体系；最后,健全农村地区的转移支付制度,推进基本公共服务均等化。
[Abstract]:After 30 years of reform and opening up, the living standard of Chinese residents has been significantly improved. According to the data of the National Bureau of statistics, by the end of 2013, the total amount of GDP in China reached 568845 billion yuan (about 9 trillion and 300 billion US dollars), of which the per capita net income of rural residents was 8896 yuan, the actual growth of the price was 9.3%, and the actual growth rate of GDP was 1.6 percentage points.1. It can be seen that the rural economy has developed rapidly and the income level of rural residents has been greatly improved. However, the rural residents' income gap between urban and rural areas, between regions and between provinces shows an expanding trend, and the expansion of the income gap of rural residents will impede the healthy development of the economy in China. Since 2003, the central government has been 11 consecutive. In the form of "No.1 Document" in the form of "No.1 Document", every point is to increase the income of rural residents, reduce the income gap of rural residents, reduce the income gap of rural residents in our country and promote the increase of rural residents' income, which is the major problem of the people's livelihood in China, and is an important condition to ensure the steady development of the national economy.
This article will adopt the modern economic method, combine the actual situation of the countryside, use the index system of extreme value, analyze the present situation of the income gap of the rural residents in our country from the index of equality, the Gene coefficient, the Tel index and so on, and make use of the principal component analysis to analyze the factors of the widening of the income gap, and put forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions according to the above analysis. The following five aspects.
The first part is the introduction part. First, the background and significance are discussed. The background of this study is that the widening income gap in rural residents seriously affects the construction of a harmonious society in China, and has aroused the high importance of the party and the government. The Gini coefficient of the income gap of rural residents has risen from 0.2770 of 1984 to 0.33122012 years in 1997. To 0.3897, according to this trend, the Gini coefficient of the income gap of rural residents will exceed 0.4 of the international "warning line", which leads to the gap between the rich and poor in rural areas and the rapid and good development of our economy. At the same time, the party's eighteen major issue of solving the "three rural" problem is the most important work. In 2014, the central No. 1 document demanded that The significance of this study is to promote the reduction of the income gap and the increase of farmers' income. Because the problem of rural residents' income gap is solved or not, it is related to the stability of the whole society and the sustainable, rapid and healthy development of the whole national economy. It is of great significance to build a well-off society, build a socialist harmonious society and achieve common prosperity. Then, it introduces the research ideas and methods of this article. Secondly, it reviews the literature at home and abroad. The scholars at home and abroad have obtained many research conclusions by different data and different statistical methods and different perspectives. We provide a lot of theoretical reference and support. Foreign scholars tend to use the measurement model to analyze the income gap of rural residents in China, while domestic research mostly calculates the rural income gap between the three regions in the East, the central and the west, usually according to the income sources (household income, wage income). The Gini coefficient is decomposed into income, property income and transfer income. Finally, the innovations and shortcomings of this paper are pointed out.
The second part introduces the related theory of income gap, measurement index and analysis method. First, we define the concept of income gap. This article defines the concept of income (family per capita net income and per capita disposable income), income distribution, income gap and financial adjustment. Then it introduces Kuznets's U theory, regional and personal collection. In the end, it introduces the measurement index and analysis method of the income gap of rural residents, including the extremum index system (extreme value difference and extreme difference), the deviation index (deviation and relative deviation), the Gini coefficient, the Tel index and the principal component analysis.
The third part analyzes the current income gap of rural residents in China. First, the overall income gap of rural residents' income is introduced. In China, the income of rural residents' income increased from 2476 yuan per capita in 2002 to 7917 yuan per capita in 2012, with an increase of 5441 yuan and an annual growth rate of 19.9%. The per capita net income of the village is lagging behind the per capita net income of cities and towns, and the income gap is huge. Then, the income gap of rural residents in China is measured. Based on the extreme index system, the income gap of rural residents is analyzed. The result shows that the highest income of rural residents in China from 2002 to 2012 is Shanghai, while the lowest income provinces are Tibet, which is expensive. The extreme difference in the extreme value of the western provinces, such as Gansu and Gansu, has not changed much from.2002 to 2012, and the extreme difference is down from the highest value of 4.605 to 3.951. It shows that the relative income gap of rural residents generally tends to shrink. Based on the Gene coefficient, the income gap of rural residents is analyzed, and the results show that the income of rural residents in China from 2002 to 2012. The gap is on the rise. In 2012, the Gene coefficient of rural residents in China has reached 0.3897. It is approaching the international alert line of 0.4. Finally, it is based on the analysis of the disparities of rural residents' income gap. First, it is based on the administrative division to decompose the income gap of rural residents, and the results show that the per capita purity of rural residents in 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China. The income gap is obvious. The income of rural residents in Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and other cities in the East is higher. The income level of Henan, Hunan, Hubei and other provinces and cities in the central region is in the middle, and the rural residents in the provinces of Gansu and Guizhou are in the lowest level. The differences in the provinces contribute to the income gap of the residents, and the differences in the province in 2012 are different. The contribution rate of the income gap is 77.6%; the contribution of the inter province difference is small. The contribution rate of the inter province difference to the income gap in 2012 is 22.4%. indicating that the income gap of the rural residents in China mainly comes from the gap in the province. The income gap between the East and the East and the west is on the rising trend (from 0.0281 in 2008 to 0.0330 in 2011), to the total. The contribution of the body gap is less (13.4% in 2011), while the internal income gap in the three major regions has a slight decline (from 0.2198 in 2009 to 0.2140 in 2011), but it has a greater contribution to the overall gap (86.6% in 2011). Two is based on the income source disparting the income gap of rural residents, and the result shows that the proportion of household operating income is the most. Large (2012 accounted for 44.6%), is the first major source of farmers' income, but in general a downward trend (from 58.8% in 2003 to 44.6% in 2012); the proportion of wage income is only lower than that of household income, which is at a rising stage (from 35% in 2003 to 43.5% in 2012); transfer income and property income belong to it. Non agricultural income, although the proportion of total income is less, but the impact on total income is becoming more and more important, and its impact on the income gap of rural residents in China is also rising. Three is the five equal group of rural residents' income, the result shows that the growth of high income households is the fastest increase from 5903 yuan in 2002 to 19008 in 2012. .89 yuan, the growth rate is 13105.89 yuan, the annual growth rate is 20.18%), and the annual growth rate of middle-income households is the highest (the high income households of medium high income rise from 3031 yuan in 2002 to 10142.08 yuan in 2012, increase 7111.08 yuan, annual growth rate 21.3%). The income of high income farmers in.2002 is 5903 yuan, and the income of low-income farmers is 8572012 year's high income farmers. Income is 19008.89 yuan, the income of low-income farmers is 2316.21 yuan, and the income of high and low farmers is increased from 6.89 times in 2002 to 8.21 times in 2012. Therefore, the income gap between high and low farmers is widening. Thus, the income gap of rural residents shows an expanding trend.
The fourth part analyses the factors affecting the income gap of rural residents in China. First, the main factors that affect the income gap of rural residents in China are summed up. The difference between natural environment and location, the difference of education level and skill training, the difference of regional economic development in China is the main cause of the widening of the income gap of rural residents in China. Two is based on the principal component analysis method to analyze the income gap of rural residents in China. In this paper, the per capita net income of rural residents is selected as the dependent variable, and the total area of rural cultivated land, the total agricultural machinery power, the total output value of agricultural and forestry and herding, the price index of agricultural products, the urbanization rate of the population and the wage income of the rural residents are the independent variables. Principal component analysis and regression analysis showed that the number of rural residents' income factors ranked first as the wage income of rural residents, and the other factors of 0.3051. regression coefficient were the total agricultural machinery power (0.2055), the urbanization rate of population (0.2048), the total output value of agricultural and forestry and herding and fishery (0.2032), the total area of Rural Cultivated Land (0.175) and the production price of agricultural products. The number (0.0244).
The fifth part is the research conclusion and the countermeasures and suggestions. In view of the factors affecting the income gap of rural residents in China, we put forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. First, strengthen the rural infrastructure construction, increase the financial support; secondly, increase the investment in the rural areas of science and technology and education; then, improve the agricultural financial subsidy policy and profit. And then, improve the social security system in rural areas; finally, improve the transfer payment system in rural areas, and promote the equalization of basic public services.
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F323.8;F812

【参考文献】