高中物理教材中“准科学史”现象的现状、原因与对策

发布时间：2018-02-25 00:27

本文关键词： 科学史准历史校本课程　出处：《南京师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：科学史融入科学课程对于全面提升学生的科学素养有着重要的促进作用。而高中物理课程中的科学史的本源价值应是其元认知价值——展现科学的本质和科学技术与社会的关系。这种教育价值往往是一种理想价值或者潜在价值,这些价值能否落到实处则要看课程编制的水平以及教师的课堂教学水平。着眼于科学史的本源价值,着手于对教科书中出现的四种“准历史”进行分析可以得知,这类科学史旨在增添趣味性以激发学生学习科学的热情、说服学生掌握既定的科学知识,目前的科学知识被看做是绝对的、永恒的真理且不容怀疑。这样的“准历史”很有可能会不利于学生科学素养和情感、态度、价值观的培养。针对上述情况,提出力求科学史材料的真实性、平衡内史与外史、避免辉格史倾向、树立真实的科学家榜样、科学史与多学科结合、科学史与科学前沿结合、注重科学主义与人文主义的沟通等七条高中物理教材中物理学史采编原则,中学物理课程中物理学史应起到的领会探索精髓,凸显物理学习的本质、再现理解历程,深化物理概念的理解、感知探索路径,领悟物理研究的方法、感叹探索艰辛,提升物理情感的境界等四种作用,以及在高中物理课程中融入物理学史的精选史料、挖掘素材、尊重史实、有机整合、适量适度、行为对照、人文熏陶等七个实施要点。在此基础上,论证以校本课程为实施形式的物理学史课程的可行性；并遵循上述要求,采取以某一物理学家为线索、以某一物理理论的提出、演变和完善过程为线索、以某一基本规律或概念为核心、以物理与其他科学、人文和社会的关系为框架等四种编制思路,设计出一系列校本课程案例。通过本研究,希望能引发高中物理教师对物理学史内容的再思考,丰富和发展有关科学史教育的研究,更好地发挥科学史在高中物理课程中的积极作用。
[Abstract]:The integration of the history of science into the science curriculum plays an important role in promoting the students' scientific literacy in an all-round way. The original value of the history of science in the physics curriculum of senior high school should be its metacognitive value-to show the essence of science and technology. The relationship with society. This educational value is often an ideal value or a potential value, Whether these values can be realized depends on the level of curriculum development and teachers' classroom teaching level. Focusing on the origin value of the history of science, we can know by analyzing the four kinds of "quasi-history" that appear in textbooks. This kind of history of science is designed to add interest to students' enthusiasm for learning science and to persuade them to master established scientific knowledge, which is now considered absolute. Such "quasi-history" is likely to be detrimental to the cultivation of students' scientific literacy and feelings, attitudes and values. In view of the above, it is proposed to strive for the authenticity of scientific historical materials and to balance internal and external history. To avoid the tendency of Whig history, to set a true scientist's example, to combine the history of science with many subjects, to combine the history of science with the frontier of science, to pay attention to the communication between scientism and humanism, and to set up the principles of collecting and compiling the history of physics in seven senior high school physics textbooks. The history of physics in middle school physics curriculum should grasp the essence of exploration, highlight the essence of physics learning, reproduce the process of understanding, deepen the understanding of physical concepts, perceive the path of exploration, comprehend the methods of physics research, and exclaim the hardships of exploration. The four functions of improving the realm of physical emotion, as well as integrating the selected historical materials of physics history into the physics curriculum of senior high school, digging materials, respecting historical facts, organically integrating, appropriate amount, behavior contrast, On the basis of this, the feasibility of the physics history course in the form of school-based curriculum is demonstrated, and in accordance with the above requirements, a physicist is taken as a clue and a physics theory is put forward. A series of school-based curriculum cases are designed by taking a basic law or concept as the core and the relationship between physics and other sciences, humanities and society as the framework. It is hoped that high school physics teachers can rethink the contents of physics history, enrich and develop the research on the history of science education, and give full play to the positive role of the history of science in the physics curriculum of senior high school.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G633.7

【参考文献】