关于2011-2014年新课标高考生物图表题的分析研究

发布时间：2018-03-05 13:22

本文选题：新课标高考　切入点：生物　出处：《华中师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：新课程改革后,生物学科在高考理综中占据的分值有所提高,从原有的72分成为了现在的90分。高考是综合性的评价选拔考试,想要取得一个满意的成果,就要求学生全面发展不能偏科,生物学科的分数自然也需要提高。生物学科中图表是第二语言,教材中常常用图表的形式展示结构,描述变化规律,概括生理过程以及实验流程。图表的设置体现了高中生物教学的目的,即提高学生生物科学素养,培养学生的观察、获取信息、图文转化、表达和分析综合运用能力。因此,高考题中图表题的设置能较好的评价学生的生物学知识掌握情况和学习能力。图表具有文字无法代替的重要功能,它可以化无形为有形,繁琐的知识点可以通过图表的形式建立起相互之间的联系,简洁明了,形象直观的展现出生物学内容之间的关联,有利于形成知识网络。必修一中出现的动植物细胞亚显微结构模式图,清晰明了的展示出动植物细胞内在结构、细胞器的形态位置、动植物细胞结构的区别(植物细胞有细胞壁、液泡、叶绿体)等,该模式图几乎囊括了本节课要求掌握的内容,这些都是文字很难描述清楚的。正因为图表具有内容丰富,可变性强的特点,通过对图表的分析研究能够全面的提高学生的学习能力,所以在考试中图表题出现的概率较大,已经成为高考生物的热点和难点。除此之外,图表题所考查的学生的观察辨别能力、看图识图能力、图文转化的能力、综合运用能力和文字表达能力等,也是生物学要求高中毕业生应该有的生物科学素养。通过对云南省新课标高考生物试题的分析发现,近几年的高考题中每年都出现图表题,考察的内容稳中求变,变中求新,重点知识年年考,比如非选择题经常考察的知识点为细胞代谢、遗传变异、生命活动调节、生态学等,注重对学生能力的考查,特别是获取信息能力和文字表达能力。联系社会热点出题,题目较新颖,个别题目文字较多,阅读量大。通过云南省高考阅卷的反馈情况来看,在高考中图表题的得分较低,提升空间较大,这就要求我们教师在平时的教学过程中重视培养学生的识图能力、信息获取处理能力,图文转化能力,综合运用能力。全面提升学生的科学素养。笔者通过对近几年云南省新课标高考生物试题中图表题的考察形式、考察知识点、学生答题情况等的分析,回归教材,结合教材中的各类图表进行分类归纳,得出高考中常见的几类图表题型,分析学生的错因,有针对性的提出一些备考建议。希望可以帮助一线的教师,使他们意识到图表题得分低,提升空间大的现状。帮助他们加深对教材中文字和图表的理解,把握文字与图表之间的内在联系,研究教材,升华教材。深入浅出的教学,教学形式能有所突破和改进,教学过程中能有意识的训练学生的学习和思维能力,成为教学名师。提高生物图表在教材中的地位,希望一线教师在教学时充分利用课本中丰富的图表信息,培养学生的综合能力,高考备考过程中能够有针对性有效率的总结归纳,帮助学生增强信心,攻克图表题这个难关,能力得到提升,高考能取得好的成绩。
[Abstract]:After the new curriculum reform, biology occupy in the college entrance examination the score increased from the original 72 to now divided into 90 points. The college entrance examination is a comprehensive assessment of the examination, want to get a satisfactory result, it requires the comprehensive development of students not partial section, Biology scores also need to improve. The chart biology is the second language, show the structure of teaching materials is often used in a chart, describe the change rule, summarized physiological processes as well as the process of the experiment. The setting of charts reflects the high school biology teaching objective, improve the science literacy of students in biology, cultivate students' observation, access to information, graphic conversion, expression and analysis of comprehensive ability therefore, the college entrance examination in the chart title settings can grasp biological knowledge and learning ability better evaluation of students. The chart has important function to replace the text, it can be The invisible visible, complicated knowledge points can be established through the chart in the form of contact between each other, concise, intuitive image shows the biological link between the content, is conducive to the formation of knowledge networks. Animal and plant cell ultrastructure appeared in a pattern of compulsory, clear display out the internal structure of the plant cell. The morphology and position of organelles, dynamic contrast between plant cell structure (plant cells have cell walls, vacuole, chloroplast), the pattern of almost all of the class are required to master the contents of the text are difficult to explain. Because the chart has rich content, the characteristics of strong variability, to comprehensive to improve the learning ability of students through the analysis of the chart, so in the test chart probability problem appears large, has become a hot and difficult entrance organisms. In addition, the chart title To examine the student's ability to observe and identify the picture, image recognition ability, the ability of graphic transformation, comprehensive ability and writing skills, but also the biological requirements of high school graduates should be some biological science literacy. Based on the analysis of the new curriculum in Yunnan province college entrance examination papers of biology shows that every year in recent years the college entrance examination, there are graphs to change the content of the study, stability, change in innovation, focus on knowledge such as the non choice test every year, often to study the knowledge point of cell metabolism, genetic variation, regulation of life activities, such as ecology, pay attention to the students the ability to test, especially the ability to obtain information and writing skills. Contact the social hot topic, topic a new, more specific topic text, reading a large quantity. Through the feedback situation in Yunnan Province, marking the entrance, in the entrance of the problem chart a low score, promotion space is relatively large, which requires us to teach Teachers should attach importance to cultivating students' ability to read drawings in the usual teaching process, information acquisition and processing ability, graphic conversion ability, comprehensive ability. To enhance the scientific literacy of students. By studying on the chart in recent years, the new curriculum standard of college entrance examination in Yunnan Province in biological test questions, knowledge points, regression analysis of teaching materials, students the answer, according to the textbook in all kinds of charts are summarized, the chart questions the common types of college entrance examination, error analysis of the students, puts forward some suggestions for. Hope to help teachers, make them aware figcaption scores are low, improve the situation of large space to help them. Deepen our understanding of the text and graphics in the textbook to understand, grasp the internal relations between words and charts of teaching materials, teaching materials. In the sublimation of teaching, the teaching form can achieve a breakthrough and improvement of teaching. In the process of conscious training of students' learning and thinking ability, become the best teacher. To improve the status of biological chart in the textbook, I hope the teachers make full use of the abundant information chart in textbooks in the teaching, to cultivate students' comprehensive ability, college entrance examination process can be targeted effectively summarized, help students strengthen confidence, overcome the difficulties graphs, the ability to upgrade the college entrance examination can achieve good results.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G633.91

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