高中化学课程中“物质结构与性质”知识内容体系的构建及教学实践研究

发布时间：2018-06-16 04:49

本文选题：物质结构与性质 + 高中化学　；参考：《四川师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：2003年教育部颁布《普通高中化学课程标准(实验)》开始新一轮的课程改革,使得高中化学课程更注重提高学生的科学素养、兼顾学生的全面发展。在此轮课程改革中教材内容的分模块呈现也带来了教材知识内容体系的重大变化,而选修3《物质结构与性质》无疑是所有模块中知识内容变化最大的。这样的变化给老师的教学带来了一定的挑战,也使选修3成为课改之后化学教学研究中的热点。为了适应新课改带来的变革,也为了给广大化学教师的教学提供参考,本文立足教学实际,以课程内容知识体系理论为指导,认真分析选修3《物质结构与性质》模块的课程目标以及实际教学中的三维目标,认真研究该课程的价值与地位;结合目标进一步梳理物质结构理论在义务教育阶段、必修阶段和选修阶段的知识内容呈现情况;通过全面的研究分析、梳理整合,较为完整的构建出高中阶段“物质结构与性质”知识内容体系。同时也进一步认识了物质结构理论在化学教学中的重要线索作用,强化了该理论的核心价值。构建物质结构理论的知识内容体系的目的是为了更好的指导学生学习知识并引导学生建构出自己的知识内容体系。本文在注重分析知识自身体系的同时更注重教师和学生在实际教与学的过程中面临的困难。因此笔者选取了川南片区包括泸州、宜宾等地的教师和学生进行教学情况问卷调查,并结合与个别教师的深入交流,总结出了选修3教与学的过程中的诸多问题;结合对高二与高三学生调查结果的对比分析,针对调查中突出的几个教学难点,例如:原子核外电子排布、VSEPR模型与杂化轨道理论,笔者充分利用已有知识体系,并以建构主义学习理论为指导进行实践教学设计研究,设计了“晶体结构与性质复习案”等教学案例。通过调查也反馈出在选修3的教学中老师们也存在诸多疑惑,本文最后汇总出了老师们讨论较为集中的几个问题,包括:硝酸和硫酸的杂化轨道理论分析、键的极性与分子的极性以及键能定义等。综上所述,本文为广大师生呈现出了完整的“物质结构与性质”知识内容体系,也为广大教师在物质结构理论特别是选修3的教学提供诸多实用的参考。
[Abstract]:In 2003, the Ministry of Education promulgated the General Senior High School Chemistry Curriculum Standard (experiment) to start a new round of curriculum reform, which makes the senior high school chemistry curriculum pay more attention to improving the students' scientific literacy and giving consideration to the students' all-round development. In this round of curriculum reform, the submodule presentation of the teaching material content has also brought great changes to the knowledge content system of the textbook, and elective 3 "material structure and property" is undoubtedly the biggest change in the knowledge content of all the modules. This kind of change brings some challenges to teachers' teaching, and makes elective 3 a hot spot in chemistry teaching research after curriculum reform. In order to adapt to the changes brought about by the new curriculum reform and to provide a reference for the majority of chemistry teachers, this paper bases itself on the teaching practice and is guided by the theory of the knowledge system of the course content. The course objectives of the elective 3 "material structure and Nature" module and the three dimensional objectives in practical teaching are carefully analyzed, the value and status of the course are studied, and the theory of material structure is further combed at the stage of compulsory education. Through comprehensive research and analysis, combing and integrating, the author constructs the knowledge content system of "material structure and nature" in senior middle school. At the same time, the important clue function of the material structure theory in chemistry teaching is further understood, and the core value of the theory is strengthened. The purpose of constructing the knowledge content system of material structure theory is to guide students to learn knowledge and to construct their own knowledge content system. This paper pays more attention to the difficulties faced by teachers and students in the process of teaching and learning. Therefore, the author selected teachers and students in southern Sichuan, including Luzhou, Yibin and other places, to carry out a questionnaire survey, and combined with the in-depth exchange with individual teachers, summed up many problems in the process of elective teaching and learning. Based on the comparative analysis of the results of the investigation between the sophomore and the junior high school students, the author makes full use of the existing knowledge system in view of the outstanding teaching difficulties in the investigation, such as the VSEPR model and the hybrid orbital theory. Under the guidance of constructivist learning theory, the practical teaching design is studied, and some teaching cases, such as the review of crystal structure and nature, are designed. The investigation also feedback that teachers also have a lot of doubts in elective 3 teaching. Finally, this paper summarizes several questions that the teachers discussed more closely, including: the theoretical analysis of hybrid orbit of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The polarity of bond, the polarity of molecule and the definition of bond energy, etc. To sum up, this paper presents a complete "material structure and nature" knowledge content system for teachers and students, and also provides many practical references for teachers in material structure theory, especially in elective 3 teaching.
【学位授予单位】：四川师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G633.8

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