晚清中小学历史教科书与近代国家观念的塑造

发布时间：2018-07-26 15:51

【摘要】：教科书不仅是塑造国民国家观念最为重要的载体,更是统治阶级贯彻其意识形态的有力工具。清末中国经历从“天下国家”向“近代国家”过渡的历史时期,统治阶层经过历次的对外交往,对世界形势有了初步认知,并逐渐接受近代国家观念。然而,与新式教育保持一定疏离的普罗大众,其旧式的观念、行为成为晚清中国从“天下国家”向“近代国家”转化的社会基础性制约因素。由此,晚清中小学历史教科书因其与意识形态紧密联系之特性,成为塑造国民近代国家观念的重要渠道。晚清政府因其对新式教育知识的欠缺,及自身能力的不足,不得不借助社会力量进行中小学历史教科书的编撰。因此,中小学历史教科书成为各精英阶层传播其近代国家观念的重要场域。中小学历史教科书通过对国民观念的渗透、国家边界的厘划、国家主权意识的灌输,塑造学生群体的近代国家观念。然而,变法派、统治集团、革命派等阶层出于自身群体利益的诉求,在中小学历史教科书中对于国家的民族主体性、国家与个人的权利关系等问题上旨趣相异。而这种分歧贯穿了晚清中小学历史教科书的整个编撰过程。晚清中国处在西力东侵的新格局之下,面对国力孱弱、民族危亡的紧急关头。中小学历史教科书不断地向学生群体灌输国家至上的观念,弱化了国民个体权利的叙述,以期凝聚国民,救亡图存。且晚清教育主管部门对“尚武”教育宗旨的强调,在历史教科书中提倡“军国民教育”,也是学生偏向激进的一大诱因。再者,晚清政府对于中小学历史教科书中“民族”概念的处理失当,在国家危机进一步的刺激下,成为学生群体转向激进的催化剂。晚清从精英教育向大众教育的转型,客观上塑造了一个庞大的、有政治参与诉求的学生群体。而中小学历史教科书中的国家至上、“民族”观念的分歧在时局的催化下,使以学生群体为中心的下层社会逐渐偏向激进、同情革命,对近代中国的国家路径走向产生了深远的影响。
[Abstract]:Textbook is not only the most important carrier of shaping the national concept of state, but also the powerful tool for the ruling class to carry out its ideology. At the end of Qing Dynasty, China experienced the transition from "the state of the world" to "the modern country", the ruling class had a preliminary understanding of the world situation after successive foreign exchanges, and gradually accepted the concept of the modern state. However, the old concept and behavior of the general public, who remained alienated from the modern education, became the basic social restriction factor for the transformation of China from "the state of the world" to "the modern country" in the late Qing Dynasty. As a result, history textbooks of middle and primary schools in the late Qing Dynasty, because of their close connection with ideology, became an important channel for shaping the national modern concept of state. Because of its lack of modern education knowledge and its own ability, the late Qing government had to compile history textbooks for primary and secondary schools with the help of social forces. Therefore, history textbooks in primary and secondary schools have become an important field for the elite to spread their modern national concepts. The history textbooks of primary and secondary schools through the infiltration of the concept of the nation, the drawing of national boundaries, the indoctrination of the consciousness of national sovereignty, the modern national concept of shaping the group of students. However, the reformists, ruling groups, revolutionaries and so on, out of their own group interests, in primary and secondary school history textbooks on the national subjectivity, the relationship between the state and the rights of individuals and other issues of different interests. This difference ran through the process of compiling history textbooks in middle and primary schools in late Qing Dynasty. In the late Qing Dynasty, China was under the new pattern of westerly invasion, facing the weak national strength and the national crisis. History textbooks in primary and secondary schools continuously inculcate the concept of national supremacy in student groups and weaken the narration of national individual rights in order to unite the nation and save the nation. The emphasis of the education department in the late Qing Dynasty on the educational purpose of "Shangwu" and the promotion of "military and national education" in history textbooks were also a major inducement for students to be radical. Furthermore, the mishandling of the concept of "nationality" in the history textbooks of primary and secondary schools by the late Qing government was further stimulated by the national crisis and became a catalyst for the students to turn to radicalization. The transition from elite education to mass education in the late Qing Dynasty objectively shaped a large group of students with political participation. The national supremacy in the history textbooks of primary and secondary schools and the differences in the concept of "nation" under the catalysis of the current situation have made the lower society, centered on the student group, gradually become more radical and sympathize with the revolution. It has exerted a profound influence on the trend of modern China's national path.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G633.51

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