承诺与反抗：现代性教育危机的“自然正确”出路

发布时间：2018-04-13 07:54

本文选题：现代性教育 + 古典教育　；参考：《南京师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：教育哲学是探寻教育本性(自然)的尝试。教育哲学的首要问题是何谓教育真理的问题,是评判现实教育对与错、好与坏的依据问题。它寻求回答的核心问题是：什么是正确的教育?或者更确切地说,什么是自然正确的教育?教育的自然就是指教育的“形式”或“相”,它指称教育“永远是”的东西。追问“什么是正确的教育”就是追问教育的自然本性。只有符合自然的教育才是绝对正确或正当的。人类自产生之日起就面对着永恒不变的基本问题与根本主题。教育作为一种灵魂塑造的实践,它就是要引导受教育者正视和解决这个人类的永恒主题——苏格拉底问题,即“人应该如何生活”,“什么才是最值得过的生活”。古典教育追问教育自然正确,旨在为教育寻找某种“确定性”的东西。教育自然正确相对于教育习俗主义而言,具有恒定性、根基性和初始性。它是一种理性事实,是需要教育哲学去发现和辩明的内在逻辑。教育自然正确是人类教育的终极价值标准。现代性教育把“自然正确”理解为“自然权利”。现代性教育放弃了绝对价值的追寻和对人的价值引导,修正了对教育自然正确的最初理解,从而导致现代性教育危机——精神贫困与价值虚无。因此,要超克现代性教育危机就必须理解这种修正本身。而要理解这种修正本身,必须回到现代性之前的古典教育对教育自然正确的原初理解。要克服现代性教育所遭致的虚无主义,必须跳出现代理性的局限,复归古典理性对教育的自然正确的追寻,探寻一种价值上的终极标准从而为现实教育奠基。教育自然正确作为一种教育承诺——人的德性和过美好生活的承诺,只存在于言辞之中。它作为一种“抗毒剂”,可以抵御技术加诸于人类精神的种种毁灭性威胁。它与教育习俗主义处于永恒的冲突之中。现实中,被习俗胁迫的教育注定了它的悲剧性命运。现实教育应该以一种谦卑和迫不得已的态度,谨守次好的教育。这要求教育要有一种悲剧意识和牛虻精神。悲剧意识是教育反抗的“药引”,它可使教育摆脱时代的浮躁与物欲而保持人的高贵与卓越。牛虻精神促使教育“回到事情本身”,去除时代加诸于它的种种扭曲而直指人的美好生活。通过教育反抗,回归到古典教育所追问的自然正确的绝对价值中来,从而超克现代性教育的价值无根性困境。“教育反抗”作为一种生活方式,意味着对“教育承诺”的坚守。通过开展自由教育,重审苏格拉底问题,重申生活中最重要的东西和最值得过的生活,以抵御技术对人类灵魂的腐蚀,认真对待德性以实现人性的卓越与优秀。
[Abstract]:Educational philosophy is an attempt to explore the nature of education (nature).The first question of educational philosophy is the question of what educational truth is, and the basis of judging the right and wrong, good and bad of practical education.The central question it seeks to answer is: what is the right education?Or rather, what is the natural right education?The nature of education refers to the "form" or "phase" of education, which refers to what education is always.To ask what is the right education is to ask about the natural nature of education.Only natural education is absolutely correct or just.Since its birth, mankind has been confronted with fundamental problems and fundamental themes that remain unchanged.Education, as a kind of soul-shaping practice, is to guide the educatee to face up to and solve the eternal theme of human being-Socrates' problem, that is, "how people should live" and "what is the most worthwhile life".Classical education is naturally correct in order to find something certain for education.The nature of education is consistent, fundamental and initial in relation to educational traditionalism.It is a rational fact and an internal logic that requires educational philosophy to discover and identify.The natural correctness of education is the ultimate value standard of human education.Modernity education interprets "natural right" as "natural right".Modernity education gives up the pursuit of absolute value and the guidance of human value, and corrects the original understanding of the nature of education, which leads to the crisis of modern education-spiritual poverty and nihilism.Therefore, in order to exceed the educational crisis of modernity, we must understand the correction itself.In order to understand the correction itself, we must go back to the original understanding of education in classical education before modernity.In order to overcome nihilism caused by modern education, we must jump out of the limitation of modern reason, return to the natural and correct pursuit of classical reason, and explore a kind of ultimate standard in value so as to lay the foundation for realistic education.Education is naturally correct as an educational commitment-the promise of virtue and a good life, only in words.As an antidote, it can resist the destructive threats imposed by technology on the human spirit.It is in the eternal conflict with the educational custom doctrine.In reality, the education coerced by custom doomed its tragic fate.Realistic education should be humble and forced to follow a second-best education.This requires education to have a sense of tragedy and gadfly spirit.The tragic consciousness is the "medicine lead" of educational resistance, it can make education get rid of the impetuous and material desire of the times and keep man's nobility and excellence.The spirit of Gadfly urges education to "return to the matter itself" and to remove all the distortions imposed by the times on the good life of man.Through educational resistance, it returns to the natural correct absolute value pursued by classical education, thus transcending the value of modern education without roots.Education revolt as a way of life means the commitment to education.Through carrying out free education, reviewing the question of Socrates, reaffirming the most important things in life and the most worth living, in order to resist the erosion of human soul by technology, and to take morality seriously to realize the excellence and excellence of human nature.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G40-02

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