明清江南市镇民间教育探析

发布时间：2018-04-13 16:28

本文选题：明清时期 + 江南市镇　；参考：《浙江师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：明清时期是民间教育的发展完善时期,尤其是在经济发达、文风鼎盛的江南市镇,其民间教育的发展更趋活跃。明清时期江南市镇民间教育的发展与繁荣经历了三个阶段。经过元末战火的洗礼,明初的民间教育还处于恢复期。明中叶以降,社会渐趋稳定,市镇商品经济高度发展,文化氛围日益浓厚,与此相对应,民间教育也开始蓬勃发展起来。到了清前期,江南市镇民间教育日趋繁荣,呈现出纵深化的发展趋势。江南市镇的民间教育形式灵活多样,适应了各种不同层次学生的学习要求,单从施教主体和教学层次来看,大致可以分为塾学、家庭教育和书院三种类型。从教学层次上讲,可以划分为“小学层次”和“大学层次”两个教育阶段。在小学层次的教育中,对于道德礼仪教育的要求达到了一个前所未有的高度。大学层次的教育内容一般包括道德情感教育和儒家经义教育两方面的内容,以达到格物、致知、诚意、正心,修身、齐家、治国、平天下的儒家经旨。随着教育体系的构建,江南市镇民间教育思想也熠熠生辉,形成了富有时代气息与地域特征的教育思想体系。在教育理念与价值取向上,奉行“读书济世”的教育目的,“先器识后文艺”的重德育思想,“立志为先”的培养观念,“学者以治生为本”的人生教育。明清时期的江南市镇教育者在教育实践中,概括总结出了自己的教育经验,逐渐形成了一套行之有效的教学方法,其中最具引人注目的是“个别教学,言传身教”与“注重练习,循序渐进”的教学方法。这与官办教育单一的集体教学形式有很大不同。民间教育的管理体制也呈现出更多的灵活性,以适应各类学校的发展变化。江南市镇社会素有的读书向学之风,这使教育受到整个社会的高度重视。在官学不举的情况下,江南市镇中民间教育的发展,填补了广大基层社会对教育的广泛需求,进而提高了江南市镇民众的整体文化素质,这对于江南地区商品经济的发展来说无疑具有巨大推动的作用。
[Abstract]:The period of Ming and Qing dynasties was the period of the development and perfection of folk education, especially in the town of Jiangnan, where the economy was developed and the style of writing was flourishing, the development of folk education became more active.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the development and prosperity of folk education in the south of the Yangtze River experienced three stages.After the baptism of the war at the end of Yuan Dynasty, folk education in the early Ming Dynasty was still in the recovery period.In the middle of Ming Dynasty, the society gradually became stable, the town commodity economy developed highly, and the cultural atmosphere became more and more strong. Accordingly, folk education began to flourish.In the early Qing Dynasty, town folk education in the south of the Yangtze River became more and more prosperous, showing a trend of development in depth.The folk education forms in Jiangnan Town are flexible and diverse, and adapt to the learning requirements of students at different levels. From the perspective of teaching subjects and teaching levels, they can be roughly divided into three types: private schools, family education and academies.From the teaching level, it can be divided into two stages: elementary level and university level.In primary education, the requirement of moral etiquette education has reached an unprecedented height.The content of education at university level generally includes moral and emotional education and Confucian classics education in order to achieve the Confucian scriptures of character, knowledge, sincerity, integrity, self-cultivation, family unity, governing the country and leveling the world.With the construction of the education system, the folk education thought of the southern town of the Yangtze River is also shining, forming the educational thought system which is full of the flavor of the times and the characteristics of the region.In terms of educational concept and value orientation, we should pursue the educational purpose of "reading and helping the world", the thought of emphasizing moral education after literature and art, the cultivation idea of "determined to be the first", and the life education of "the scholars take governing students as the basis".In the educational practice of Jiangnan town educators in the Ming and Qing dynasties, they summed up their own educational experience and gradually formed a set of effective teaching methods, the most striking of which was "individual teaching".The teaching method of "teach by words and deeds" and "pay attention to practice and step by step".This is very different from the single collective teaching form of state-run education.The management system of folk education also presents more flexibility to adapt to the development of various schools.The traditional style of study in Jiangnan town makes education highly valued by the whole society.In the absence of official education, the development of folk education in the town of Jiangnan has filled the extensive demand for education in the vast grass-roots society, thus improving the overall cultural quality of the people in the town of Jiangnan.This for the development of commodity economy in the south of the Yangtze River undoubtedly has a huge role in promoting.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K248;G529

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