中国教育与经济发展方式及财政保障研究

发布时间：2018-05-17 03:15

本文选题：教育 + 人力资本　；参考：《财政部财政科学研究所》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：2008年的国际金融危机对各国的政治、经济和教育均产生了深远影响,各国在应对国际金融危机时不约而同把推行教育改革和增加教育投资作为促使经济复苏并保持稳定增长的重要手段。在经济全球化日益加深的形势下,世界主要发达国家和新兴经济体越来越认识到教育对推动经济持续发展的关键作用。改革开放三十年来,我国经济一直保持高速增长,产品竞争力和综合实力得到明显提高。2010年更是超过日本成为世界第二大经济体,人均国内生产总值超过4000美元,开始进入中等收入国家发展阶段。在工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化程度日益加深的同时,资源短缺、环境污染、内外需失衡、创新能力不强等问题成为新时期经济发展的重要特征。近年来,党中央、国务院多次强调要“加快”转变经济发展方式,将转变经济发展方式的重要性和紧迫性上升到新的高度。人力资本理论和新经济增长理论已经证明了人力资本是经济增长的内生动力,教育投资是形成人力资本的最重要因素。作为人口大国,我国国民所受到教育程度同人力资源强国目标相距甚远,人口优势没有形成资源优势。财政投入短缺、历史欠账较多、教育结构失衡等问题长期存在。2008年我国人均教育经费为160美元,不到2006年世界人均教育经费的一半,不及OECD国家的十分之一。1993年颁布的《教育中长期发展规划》提出20世纪末国家财政性教育经费占GDP比重达到4%的目标至今尚未实现。教育在基本公共服务体系中的薄弱地位没有得到彻底改变。长期以来,我国学者在教育对经济增长的贡献方面作出了大量的研究,取得了不少有价值的成果。但研究重点主要集中于教育对经济增长的作用上,对教育与经济发展方式转变关系的实证研究则鲜有涉及。如果不对后者作出科学论证,就不能全面理解教育的经济价值,也无法将我国教育的优先发展战略与当前加快转变经济发展方式的战略调整有机结合起来。本文正是在这方面作出尝试和探索。本文在卢卡斯人力资本外溢模型和有效劳动模型的基础上,通过将简单劳动力和人力资本进行分离的方法对模型进行改进。在估算人力资本时采用了生均教育经费法,将没有接受过教育的从业人员定义为简单劳动力,并按照其基本生活费用支出估算其价值。通过对社会总产出、物质资本、简单劳动力和教育与所形成的人力资本进行协整分析,结果表明他们之间存在长期均衡关系。其中,人力资本对经济增长的弹性系数为0.305,略小于物质资本的0.4,表明我国投资主导型的经济增长模式并没有发生根本改变,但人力资本已成为拉动经济增长的重要力量。进一步测算,改革开放30年间我国教育对经济增长的贡献率达到26.1%。经济增长的过程是经济发展方式变化的过程,也是产业结构调整的过程。产业结构对经济发展方式具有决定性的作用。本文分别以高级化和合理化指标作为产业结构优化升级的衡量指标,通过建立模型分析其与资本、劳动及人力资本之间的关系。研究结果表明,人力资本的提高无论对产业结构的高级化还是合理化均起到积极促进作用。通过脉冲响应和方差分解动态计量的结果得出进一步结论：在各种投入要素中,人力资本对产业结构优化产生的正向作用更加明显且作用力更为持久。教育经费是教育发展的基石。但应看到,我国教育经费不足长期存在,财政投资总量和投资结构均存在很多问题。国家规定财政性教育经费占GDP4%的目标长期无法实现,教育经费“三个法定增长”没有得到很好落实,教育经费被挤占挪用现象屡见不鲜。主要原因不是财政能力不足,而是有效统筹和分配财政能力的不足,导致名义财政能力和实际财政能力存在很大差距,且不同地区之间、城乡之间以及职业教育同其他教育之间分配不均。在对上述问题进行理论与实证分析之后,本文提出政策建议：一是全面认识教育的经济价值,将发展教育作为加快转变经济发展方式的重要途径；二是深刻认识教育的公益性质,突出政府在教育供给中的主体地位；三是继续坚持教育投资比例制度,突出教育投资在国家投资中的优先地位；四是推进教育财政体制改革,拓宽教育经费来源渠道；五是优化教育经费分配结构,大力发展职业教育；六是强化教育经费监督管理，提高资金的使用效益。
[Abstract]:The international financial crisis of 2008 has made a profound impact on the politics, economy and education of all countries. In response to the international financial crisis, the international financial crisis is an important means to promote the reform of education and increase education investment as an important means to promote economic recovery and maintain stable growth. Countries and emerging economies are increasingly recognizing the key role of education in promoting sustainable economic development.
In the past thirty years of reform and opening up, China's economy has maintained high growth, the competitiveness of products and its comprehensive strength have been significantly improved in.2010 years, more than Japan has become the second largest economy in the world, the per capita GDP of more than 4000 US dollars has begun to enter the development stage of middle income countries. At the same time, the shortage of resources, the environmental pollution, the internal and external imbalance and the poor innovation ability have become the important characteristics of the economic development in the new period. In recent years, the Party Central Committee and the State Council have repeatedly stressed the need to "speed up" the transformation of the economic development mode, and the importance and urgency of the transformation of the economic development mode have risen to a new height.
The theory of human capital and the theory of new economic growth have proved that human capital is the endogenous motive force of economic growth. Education investment is the most important factor to form human capital. As a large population country, the education degree of our nationals is far from the target of human resource power, and the advantage of human resources has not formed a resource advantage. The shortage of financial input is short. In.2008 years, the per capita education fund of our country is 160 dollars, less than half of the world's per capita education funds in 2006, less than half of the world's per capita education funds in 2006, and less than the "middle and long term development plan" issued by the OECD countries in the year of the year in the year of the year of OECD, and proposed that the national fiscal education funds in the end of twentieth Century make up 4% of the proportion of GDP in the end of the year. The standard has not yet been achieved. The weak position of education in the basic public service system has not been radically changed.
For a long time, Chinese scholars have made a great deal of research on the contribution of education to economic growth, and have achieved many valuable results. However, the focus of the study is mainly on the role of education in economic growth. The empirical study on the relationship between education and economic development mode is rarely involved. It is impossible to fully understand the economic value of education and to combine the strategy of the priority development of our education with the strategic adjustment of the current mode of economic development. This paper is to try and explore in this respect.
On the basis of Lucas's human capital spillover model and effective labor model, this paper improves the model by separating the simple labor and human capital. In the estimation of human capital, the education fund method is adopted to define the employees who have not received the education as simple labor and according to their basic life. Through the cointegration analysis of the total social output, material capital, simple labor and education and the human capital formed, the results show that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between them. Among them, the elastic coefficient of human capital to economic growth is 0.305, slightly less than 0.4 of the material capital, indicating that China's investment is dominant. The model of economic growth has not changed radically, but human capital has become an important force in stimulating economic growth. Further calculation, the contribution rate of China's education to economic growth has reached 26.1%. in the 30 years of reform and opening up.
The process of economic growth is the process of the change of the mode of economic development and the process of the adjustment of the industrial structure. The industrial structure plays a decisive role in the mode of economic development. This paper takes the index of advanced and rationalized indexes as the measure index of the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, and analyzes its capital, labor and human capital through the establishment of a model. The results show that the improvement of human capital has a positive effect on the upgrading and rationalization of industrial structure. Through the results of impulse response and variance decomposition dynamic measurement, further conclusions are drawn: in various input factors, the positive effect of human capital on the optimization of industrial structure is more obvious. And the force is more lasting.
Education funds are the cornerstone of the development of education. However, it should be seen that there is a long existence of insufficient funds for education in China. There are many problems in the total amount of investment and the structure of investment. The state stipulates that the target of financial education funds for GDP4% can not be realized for a long time. The "three legal growth" of education funds has not been well implemented and the education funds are misappropriated. The main reason is not the lack of financial capacity, but the lack of effective co-ordination and allocation of financial capacity, which leads to a large gap between the nominal financial capacity and the actual financial capacity, and the distribution of vocational education and other education between the different regions and between the urban and rural areas and the Vocational Education.
After the theoretical and empirical analysis of the above problems, this paper puts forward policy suggestions: first, to fully understand the economic value of education and to take the development of education as an important way to accelerate the transformation of the economic development mode; two is a profound understanding of the public welfare of education, the main position of the government in the supply of education, and the three is to continue to teach. The system of investment in investment should give priority to the status of education investment in state investment; four is to promote the reform of the educational financial system and broaden the sources of educational funds; the five is to optimize the distribution structure of educational funds, vigorously develop vocational education, and the six is to strengthen the supervision and management of educational funds and improve the efficiency of the use of funds.
【学位授予单位】：财政部财政科学研究所
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F812;F124;G521;F224

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