中国古代书院个体德性培育研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 22:38

本文选题：古代书院 + 个体德性　；参考：《中南大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：书院是中国古代一种特殊的教育组织,它发端于唐代,源于私人治学的书斋与朝廷整理图书典籍的衙门,有民间与官府两大来源。在后来的发展过程中,它继承私学教育的独立性、平等性及素质教育性并不断扩大受教群体,以其服务于社会的开放性以及招生授业的制度性而区别于私人书斋。同时,它萃取官学教育在办学层次、课程内容及管理体系方面的系统性与制度化,但又扬弃官学沉迷于科举之不足而形成自己特定的培养目标与培养方法,尤其以其完备有效的个体德性培育体系而优于官学。于是,至宋代,书院作为一种特殊的文化教育制度正式确立。在其后元明清时代时,始终在传授知识、培养德性、化育人生和安邦治国等方面发挥着非常重要的作用。中国古代书院在积极继承、发扬儒家德性价值的基础上,确立了“传道济民”的教育宗旨与“育德为先”的教育理念,将道德教育置于整个教育活动的重心与首位,并始终以个体德性培育作为“讲学”、“藏书”、“祭祀”与“学田”四大基本规制的价值导向与努力目标。为了有效贯彻落实教育宗旨与教育理念,古代书院根据生徒个体的资质、个性和优缺点不同而采用因材施教原则,并且根据个体身心发展的阶段性与差异性实施“分年法”道德教育,即将个体德性培育分为以“学其事”为主要内容的“小学”阶段和以“穷其理”为主要内容的“大学”阶段,其终极目标则是为了“成圣贤”。德性是个体能够自愿、自觉地按照社会普遍价值观念与道德规范行动的内在道德素质与人格品质。个体德性培育,其本质就是社会普遍的价值观念与道德规范内化为个体道德意识、道德品质,并进而外化为道德行为的过程。古代书院个体德性培育是从“知”“情”“意”“行”四个维度来进行的,即以儒家《四书》、《五经》等经典著作为教材,通过系统的讲学论道、开放的学派会讲、平等的质疑辩难以及通俗的社会宣教等形式充实生徒道德知识,以惬意的外出游学及结交良师益友丰富生徒道德情感,通过立定志向与不断破除困难来磨炼生徒道德意志,进而在“明理”的基础上达到“躬行”,将内在德性转化为具体的外在道德践履。古代书院制定了严格的学规章程及全面的学业、德业课考制度,并且非常注重选择幽静风雅的自然环境、建造体现儒家传统礼制的建筑群落以及创设德性充溢的人文环境,这些都是书院个体德性培育不可或缺的重要因素。但这只是个体德性提升的外在动力,要使外在社会道德规范和行为准则能真正为个体所理解、接受与自觉遵从,则必须通过个体的内在修为实现道德内化。古代书院将“修身”置于整个课程体系的首位,要求生徒个体时时通过“自省”检视自己的言行、纠正自己的错误、提高自己的道德修养,并且于闲居之时和隐微之处能够做到“慎独”,自觉严格要求自己,审慎对待自己的言行举止。古代书院毕竟是封建社会的产物,必然打上时代的烙印,其德性培育体系存在着诸如以维护封建宗法等级秩序为目标,重视德性培养、轻视知识教育及重视道德义务、轻视道德权利等不足之处。但瑕不掩瑜,古代书院坚持“育德为先”的教育理念,通过系统的讲学论道、庄重的祭祀典礼、自由的外出游学和自觉的个体修为等形式,对儒家文化精髓进行挖掘与阐释、传播与创新,将儒家普遍价值观念与道德规范具体化、生动化、生活化与形象化。以“他律”和“自律”相结合的有效方式,使受业生徒和普通民众时时受到儒家文化的熏陶感染和严格教化,不断形成祟高的德性,从而推动了整个社会德性水平不断提升。这对我们目前在价值观念多元化、道德评价体系抽象化、德性培养目标理想化的背景下,进行个体道德教育提供了非常有益的借鉴和启示。
[Abstract]:The academy is a special educational organization in ancient China. It originated in the Tang Dynasty. It originated from the private study study and the government of the court to organize the books and books and books. It has two major sources. In the later development process, it inherited the independence, equality, quality and education of the private education and expanded the teaching group to serve the society. The openness of the meeting and the institutionalization of the enrollment and teaching are different from the private study. At the same time, it extracts the systematization and institutionalization of the educational level, the content and the management system of the school education, but it also discarded the deficiency of the official science and formed its own specific training target and training method, especially with its complete and effective individual. In the Song Dynasty, the Academy was formally established as a special cultural and educational system in the Song Dynasty. In the later Yuan Ming and Qing Dynasties, it played a very important role in imparting knowledge, cultivating virtue, bringing up life and governing the country.
On the basis of the positive inheritance of the Confucian virtues, the ancient Chinese Academy of books established the educational aim of "preaching the people" and the educational idea of "nurturing morality first", putting the moral education in the center of the whole educational activity and first, and always taking the cultivation of individual virtue as "lecture", "book collection", "sacrifice" and "school field". In order to effectively carry out the purpose of education and the idea of education, the ancient academy adopts the principle of teaching students according to their aptitude according to the aptitude, personality and advantages and disadvantages of the individual, and implements the moral education of "sub year law" according to the stages and differences of individual body and mind development, and the individual virtue is about to be carried out by the ancient academy. The ultimate goal of cultivating "elementary school" stage and "poor reason" as the main content is to "learn its affairs" as the main content, and its ultimate goal is to "become a sage".
Virtue is the inner moral quality and personality quality that individual can voluntarily and consciously act in accordance with the universal values and moral norms of the society. The essence of the cultivation of individual virtue is the process of internalizing the values and moral norms of the society into individual moral consciousness, moral quality, and then externalizing to moral behavior. The cultivation of body virtue is carried out from the four dimensions of "knowing", "feeling", "meaning" and "line". That is, the classical books, such as the Confucian "Four Books >" and "the five classics", are used as the textbook. Through the systematic lectures, the open school will speak, the equal questioning and the popular social education and other forms enrich the moral knowledge of the living apprentice. The teachers and beneficial friends enrich the moral emotion of the living apprentice. Through the determination and the constant elimination of the difficulties, the moral will of the living apprentice is tempered, and then the "practice" is achieved on the basis of "Ming Li", and the inherent virtue is transformed into a concrete external moral practice.
The ancient academy has established strict rules of regulation and comprehensive study, the system of moral education, and a great emphasis on the selection of the quiet and elegant natural environment, the construction of the architectural community which embodies the Confucian traditional etiquette system and the creation of the virtuous humane environment. These are all indispensable factors for the cultivation of the individual virtue of the Academy. The external motive of the promotion of virtue is to make the external social moral norms and rules of conduct truly understood by the individual, to accept and consciously comply with, and to realize the moral internalization through the inner self-cultivation of the individual. The ancient academy puts "repair" at the top of the whole curriculum system, and requires the individual to examine his own words by "self reflection" at the time. They can correct their mistakes, improve their moral cultivation, and be able to be "prudent" in the time of living and concealed, and consciously and strictly ask themselves and treat their behavior carefully.
After all, the ancient academy was the product of the feudal society, which was bound to be the brand of the times, and its virtue cultivation system existed such as the maintenance of the feudal patriarchal rank order, the emphasis on the cultivation of virtue, the neglect of knowledge education and moral obligation, and the disregard of moral rights. The concept of education, through systematic lectures, solemn sacrificial ceremonies, free travel and self-conscious individual cultivation, excavates and interprets the essence of Confucian culture, spreads and innovates, makes the universal values and moral norms of the Confucianists concrete, vivid, living and visualized. The effective way of cooperation makes the living apprentice and the common people suffer from the influence of Confucian culture and strict enlightenment, and constantly develop the high virtues, thus promoting the continuous promotion of the whole social virtue level, which is under the background of the diversity of values, the abstraction of the moral evaluation system and the idealization of the training goal of virtue. Individual moral education provides a very useful reference and inspiration.
【学位授予单位】：中南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G649.299;G41

【参考文献】