因果链长度和情境因果性对3～5岁幼儿反事实推理的影响

发布时间：2018-05-15 01:32

本文选题：幼儿 + 反事实思维　；参考：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：反事实思维是人们在心理上对过去已经发生的事件进行否定,并在心理上构建一种原本可能出现而实际未出现的可能性假设的思维活动。它是人类意识的一个重要特征,对人们的情绪、态度、预期和因果判断等都有一定的影响。近年来,对幼儿反事实推理的探究已成为发展心理学领域的研究热点,幼儿反事实情绪方面的研究己日趋成熟,但关于因果关系反事实推理的研究尚处于起步阶段,已有研究范式还不统一,从而导致研究结论的不一致。有关幼儿因果关系反事实推理的研究较少,并且相关研究仅对前人研究进行验证和因果链任务难度做出阐释,未涉及幼儿认知能力的潜在影响。因此,本研究在总结前人研究基础上,并对其不足进行改进,以探究中国文化背景下幼儿因果关系反事实推理的发展,并在此基础上进一步对反事实推理能力与归因方式、抑制控制和工作记忆的关系进行探讨,以期能为幼儿反事实推理的发展和影响因素的理论研究做一点贡献。研究参考了以往研究中两难选择任务、抑制控制任务、工作记忆任务的操作程序,稍作修改设计出了实验程序：考虑到情境因果性可能是影响幼儿反事实推理的因素,因果链反事实推理任务设置了因果链长度、情境因果性和问题形式三个变量。在考察幼儿归因方式,抑制控制和工作记忆等认知方面表现为基础的前提下,将被试分配到不同实验处理组中,完成不同长度因果链反事实推理任务,以考察幼儿反事实推理的发展特点和影响因素。本文得出以下结论： (1)3-5岁幼儿可以进行反事实推理,并且不同年龄的幼儿在反事实推理任务上的表现不同;5岁幼儿的表现明显好于3岁和4岁幼儿,4岁幼儿的表现明显好于3岁幼儿。 (2)年龄与情境因果性存在交互作用,3岁幼儿在因果联接弱情境下的反事实推理表现较好,而4岁和5岁幼儿在因果联接强情境下的反事实推理表现较好。 (3)情境因果性与因果链长度存在交互作用,幼儿在回答短因果链问题上,不同因果联接强度情境下的成绩没有差异,在回答中因果链和长因果链问题上,因果联接强情境下成绩显著好于因果联接弱情境下,因果链越长,此种差异越明显。 (4)年龄和问题形式存在交互作用,幼儿在选择问题和解释问题的表现上,成绩存在显著差异,选择问题成绩显著好于解释问题,且此种差异在3岁组幼儿中表现尤其突出,回答选择问题的正确率远远好于解释问题。 (5)情境因果性和抑制控制存在交互作用,抑制控制发展水平低的幼儿,在情境因果联接强故事的反事实推理表现显著好于情境因果联接弱故事。抑制控制发展水平中等的幼儿,对情境因果联接弱故事的反事实推理表现较之因果联接强情境故事好,但差异不大。抑制控制发展水平高的幼儿,其在因果联接强情境故事的反事实推理表现虽然比因果联接弱情境故事好,但两者差异不大。 (6)情境因果性和工作记忆存在交互作用,不能完成工作记忆任务的幼儿,对两种因果联接强度故事的反事实推理的成绩无差异。完成工作记忆任务的幼儿,对因果联接强情境故事的反事实推理比因果联接弱情境故事好。
[Abstract]:In recent years , the research on the anti - factual reasoning of children has become a hot topic in the field of development psychology , and the research on anti - factual reasoning in children has become more mature .

Based on the study of the two difficult selection tasks , the control task and the working memory task in the past research , the experimental procedure is designed with a little modification . In the light of the fact that the situation causality may be the factor which affects the children ' s anti - factual reasoning , the causal chain length , the situation causality and the problem form are set up .

( 1 ) Children aged 3 - 5 can perform anti - factual reasoning , and children of different ages have different manifestations in anti - factual reasoning tasks ; children under 5 years of age are obviously better than 3 - year - old and 4 - year - old children , and children under 4 years of age are obviously better than 3 - year - old children .

( 2 ) There is a causal relationship between age and situation , and the anti - factual reasoning of 3 - year - old children under the weak context of causal link is better , while the anti - factual reasoning of 4 - year - old and 5 - year - olds in the context of causal link is better .

( 3 ) There was no difference between the causal chain length and the causal chain length .

( 4 ) There is interaction in the form of age and problem . There is a significant difference in the performance of children ' s choice of choice and interpretation , and the results of selection are significantly better than that of interpretation , and the difference is especially outstanding among young children in the 3 - year - old group , and the correct rate of answering the selection problem is far better than that of interpretation .

( 5 ) There is interaction between the context causality and the inhibition control , which can inhibit the children with low level of control and development . The anti - factual reasoning of the situation causal link story is better than that of the context causal link . The anti - factual reasoning of the situation causal link weak story is better than that of the causal link , but the difference is not big .

( 6 ) There is interaction between the situation causality and the working memory , and the children who can ' t complete the task of working memory have no difference in the results of the anti - factual reasoning of the two causal link strength stories . The children who complete the task of working memory have good stories about causal link weak situations .

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B844.12

【参考文献】