劳动力市场结构性矛盾背景下的独立学院毕业生就业分析

发布时间：2018-03-16 07:46

本文选题：独立学院　切入点：就业　出处：《长江大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着我国经济社会的快速发展,高等教育处于大发展、大分化时期,高校扩招使得大学教育由精英教育向大众化教育转变。为了满足人民群众日益增长的教育需求,国家先后颁布了一系列政策法规,在国家政策利导的大环境下,独立学院以其旺盛的生命力得以迅速发展。独立学院已经成为我国整个高等教育体系中的一个不可或缺的重要组成部分,是新形势下高等教育办学机制与模式的一项探索和创新。从总体上看,独立学院的发展是健康的,但是,随着我国经济的发展,产业结构的调整,整个社会需要的不仅仅是扩大人才数量和提高人才质量,而且更加需要人才结构整体优化。在此背景下,独立学院毕业生就业与劳动力市场结构性矛盾的变化日益凸现出来。首先,独立学院大多属于“教学型”的学校,以本科层次为主,为了充分利用资源,在专业设置、教学计划、教材选定、师资力量、培养方向等方面都借助于母体,只注重专业知识的学习,没有注重实践能力的培养,不利于学生综合素质的提高；在培养方案上,自身定位不明确,与劳动力市场需求脱轨,没有形成自己独特的培养模式和办学特色。如此一来,专业知识比一本和二本毕业生薄弱,而实践动手能力又亚于高职高专毕业生,在就业市场处于尴尬局面。其次,独立学院是一种新型的办学实体,一方面,由于办学时间短,宣传力度不够大,学校的知名度及社会影响力相对较弱；另一方面,在办学过程中存在着一些办学不规范行为,影响独立学院的社会声誉；再者,独立学院毕业生自身素质参差不齐,使得一些用人单位对独立学院毕业生的认可度不高,甚至在一定程度上带有偏见。再次,独立学院学生在高考过程当中,成绩不理想,与普通本科学生相比,高考成绩在分数上有着明显的差距,主要以三本层次录取；一方面,学习能力存在着明显的不足,加上独立学院社会知名度不高,使得他们与普通本科学生交往或者在求职的过程中,自信心受到打击,产生了自卑和忧郁的心理,不能充分展示自己的能力；另一方面,独立学院学生的家庭状况、家庭成员的受教育程度等指数都较高,学生普遍综合素质相对较高,因而,在求职过程中,因家庭、同学等各方面原因的影响,就业期望值比较高,不愿扎深基层,吃苦意志比较薄弱,在与普通院校毕业生同台竞技的过程中,表现出的竞争力不足。当前我国劳动力市场的结构性矛盾突出地表现为：劳动力素质因素、劳动力价格因素及知识密集型第三产业发展相对滞后的矛盾。首先,我国劳动力市场结构性矛盾的劳动力因素主要表现为劳动力整体素质低下。我国劳动力市场的技能型人才总量严重不足,技术人员、研发人员、熟练技工供给不足,尤其是高级技能人才严重短缺,普通劳动者或者大学毕业生无法适应岗位的需求。劳动力的素质和其掌握的技能不符合企业发展的需求,矛盾简要表现为“招工难”和“就业难”。因此,毕业生劳动力的整体素质不能适应产业结构调整和提升的需要是我国劳动力市场结构性矛盾及就业的结构性矛盾的一个主要原因。其次,我国劳动力市场结构性矛盾的劳动力价格因素主要表现在用人单位和求职者在薪酬上的定价错位。一方面,企业对市场预期判断不确定,对经营前景的预期不确定,企业不敢轻易提高用工成本,致使工资较低,导致供求双方在工资价格上未能达成一致,造成招工难；另一方面,经济和工资水平持续高增长造成求职者对工资水平逐年增长的心理预期,求职者不愿接受工资水平不变或下降的客观现实；第三,教育支出的高投入必然期望得到高回报,较高的心理预期也使一些大学生在择业过程中出现“高不成低不就”现象,从而造成选择性失业,呈现出心理预期影响就业率的现象。用人单位和求职者在薪酬上的定价错位也致使“招工难”和“就业难”现象严重。第三,我国劳动力市场结构性矛盾主要表现在第一、二、三产业发展不平衡,第三产业发展相对滞后。第三产业的发展水平是衡量一个区域经济发展水平的标志之一,也能体现一个地区的产业结构质量,大力发展第三产业是优化我国产业结构的必然选择,也是当前我国的经济发展战略。由于我国的劳动力供给还以低知识、低技能的劳动力为主,高素质劳动力相对比较短缺,因此,大力发展知识密集型的第三产业是解决我国劳动力市场结构性矛盾以及大学生就业难的最有力途径。面对独立学院毕业生就业与劳动力市场结构性矛盾,应及时调整教育结构,提升办学能力,准确办学定位,深化特色办学,把握市场规律,密切校企合作,积极寻求解决独立学院毕业生就业的对策思路。第一,教育的最终目的是为政治、经济、文化和社会发展提供智力支持和人才保障,高等教育是为社会培养相应的人才,目前我国教育结构是：研究生教育和本科教育稳步发展,高职教育规模大力扩张,而独立学院办学处在700多所普通高校和1000多所高等职业院校之间,独立学院如何求生存、求发展是一个严肃的课题。独立学院应抓住高等教育结构调整的机遇,提升自身的办学能力,以满足高等教育大众化、专业化、技能化的要求,适应劳动力市场需求,缓解教育结构与劳动力市场需求结构脱节等结构性矛盾问题。第二,独立学院办学定位问题是一个不断变化发展的过程,在学院发展的不同阶段赋予不同的内涵。独立学院在办学之初,办学定位是关乎独立学院生存和发展的首要问题。独立学院介于普通本科和职业院校之间,不同于普通本科培养的“高、精、尖”的研究型人才,也与职业院校培养的技术层次存在差别,它是培养适应地方和区域经济社会发展需要,培养有理论、懂管理、综合实践能力强的高素质的应用型人才,独立学院都应在当前大众化、多元化的发展趋势中,把握好培养目标、培养方案和培养过程方面的定位。明确培养目标,优化培养方案(包括专业设置、教学计划、课程设计等),重视培养过程及过程改革,面向市场和社会需要,以质量求生存,以特色求发展。第三,独立学院应用型人才培养目标的实现,必须改革发展创新体制机制,要充分利用自身的优势,大力推进合作办学、合作育人、合作就业、合作发展,突出人才培养的针对性、灵活性和开放性,把握市场规律,密切校企合作,增强办学活力。独立学院办学只有把握市场规律,密切校企合作,使得供求双方有效对接,缓解劳动力市场结构性矛盾。随着我国高等教育逐步走向大众化,社会主义市场经济的发展,产业结构调整以及金融危机对我国宏观经济运行带来的不利影响,引发我国劳动力市场结构性矛盾,客观分析独立学院毕业生就业与劳动力市场结构性矛盾的关联性,提出若干可供选择的政策思路,寻求解决独立学院毕业生就业的对策思路,对独立学院的特色办学和健康发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's economy and society, higher education in the development of large, high differentiation period, college enrollment makes university education from elite education to mass education. In order to meet the people's growing demand for education, the state has promulgated a series of policies and regulations, in the national policy guide under the environment of independent college with its vigorous vitality. The rapid development of independent colleges has become an indispensable part of our higher education system, is a new exploration and innovation under the new situation of higher education mechanism and model. In general, the development of independent college is healthy, but, with the development of our the country's economy, the adjustment of industrial structure, the whole society is not only the need to expand the number of talents and improve the quality of talents, and more need to optimize the structure of talents. This background At the same time, the structural contradictions between the employment of the graduates of independent colleges and the labor market are becoming more and more obvious.
First of all, independent colleges are mostly of the "teaching" of the school, to the undergraduate level, in order to make full use of teaching resources, in professional settings, teaching plan, selected teachers, training and direction by means of the mother, only pay attention to the study of professional knowledge, pay no attention to the cultivation of practice ability, is not conducive to the overall quality of students improve; training program, self positioning is not clear, the derailment and the labor market demand, has not formed its own unique training model and school characteristics. Thus, expertise in more than one and two of the graduates are weak, and the practical ability as well as higher vocational graduates, in an awkward situation in the job market.
Secondly, the independent college is a new school entity, on the one hand, due to the short running time, and propaganda is not big enough, the school's reputation and social influence is relatively weak; on the other hand, in the process of running some of the school is not standardized behavior, affect the social reputation of the independent institute; furthermore, uneven independent college graduates make their own quality, some employers recognized independent college graduates is not high, or even to a certain extent with prejudice.
Again, the independent college students in the college entrance examination process, the result is not ideal, compared with the ordinary undergraduate students, the college entrance examination scores have obvious difference in the scores, mainly in the three levels of the admission; on the one hand, learning ability has obvious shortcomings, plus Independent School of social awareness is not high, so that they and ordinary the undergraduate students association or the job search process, confidence hit, resulting in low self-esteem and depression psychology, can not fully demonstrate their abilities; on the other hand, independent college students' family status, family education index are high, students generally relatively high quality, therefore, in the process of job hunting because of the impact of family, classmates and other reasons, the expected value of employment is relatively high, not deep roots, hardship will is relatively weak, in the process of competing against the graduates and ordinary colleges, show Lack of competitiveness.
At present, the structural contradictions in China's labor market are highlighted as: labor quality factors, labor price factors, and knowledge intensive third industries.
First of all, the labor force the structural contradictions of China's labor market mainly for the low quality of the overall labor force. The total amount of skilled talents in China's labor market a serious shortage of technical personnel, R & D personnel, insufficient supply of skilled workers, especially the serious shortage of high skilled personnel, ordinary workers or college graduates can not adapt to the demands of the job. The labor force the quality and skills do not meet the needs of enterprise development, the contradiction is brief "recruitment difficult" and "difficult employment". Therefore, the overall quality of graduates can not adapt to the need of the labor adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure is one of the main reasons for the structural contradictions of China's labor market and employment structural contradictions.
Secondly, the labor price factors, the structural contradictions of China's labor market is mainly reflected in the employers and job seekers in salary pricing dislocation. On the one hand, the enterprise to the market anticipation of uncertainty, the business outlook is uncertain, the enterprise can not easily increase labor costs, resulting in lower wages in the supply and demand sides in wages prices failed to reach agreement, due to recruitment difficulties; on the other hand, the economy and the wage level of sustained high growth caused by job seekers increased year by year on the wage level of psychological expectations, job seekers are reluctant to accept the objective reality of the wage level unchanged or decreased; third, high investment spending must expect to get high returns, high psychological expectations some college students appear in the employment of underachievement "phenomenon, resulting in selective unemployment, showing the expected impact of the employment rate of the psychological phenomenon. The misplacement of employers and job seekers on salary also leads to the serious phenomenon of "difficulty in recruiting workers" and "difficult employment".
Third, the structural contradictions of China's labor market is mainly manifested in first, second, the three industry development is not balanced, the development of the third industry is relatively backward. The development level of the third industry is the hallmark of a regional economic development level, but also to reflect a regional industrial structure, promote the development of the third industry is the inevitable choice of optimization in China the industrial structure, but also the current China's economic development strategy. Because of our country's labor supply with low knowledge, low skilled labor, relatively high quality labor shortage, therefore, vigorously develop the knowledge intensive industry is the third to solve the structural contradictions of China's labor market and the employment of college students is the most powerful way to.
In the face of the structural contradictions of independent college graduates employment and the labor market, should adjust the structure of education, enhance the ability of running, accurate orientation, deepen the school characteristics, grasp the laws of the market, close cooperation, actively seeking a solution of independent college graduates employment countermeasures.
First, the purpose of education is for political, economic, to provide intellectual support and personnel security culture and social development, higher education is to cultivate the talents for the society, the education structure of our country is: the steady development of the undergraduate education graduate education, higher vocational education scale expansion force, and independent colleges in between more than 700 ordinary colleges and more than 1000 higher occupation colleges, how to survive and development of independent college, is a serious topic. Independent colleges should seize the opportunity to adjust the structure of higher education, enhance their ability of schools to meet the needs of the popularization of higher education, professional skill requirements, to adapt to the needs of the labor market, to ease the structural contradictions the problem of education structure and labor market demand structure is out of line.
Second, the orientation of independent colleges is a constantly changing process, endowed with different connotations in different stages of development. Independent colleges in the school at the beginning of the school location is the primary issue related to the survival and development of independent colleges. Among the independent college between ordinary undergraduate and occupation colleges, different from the ordinary undergraduate education "high, fine, sharp" talents, technology level and occupation training institutions are different, it is to develop to meet the needs of local and regional economic and social development, culture theory, knowledge management, comprehensive practice can be applied talents with strong high-quality, independent colleges should be in a popular, diversified development trend in a good grasp of the training objectives, training programs and training aspects of the positioning process. Clear training objectives, optimize training programs (including professional settings, teaching plan, curriculum design, attention) Training process and process reform, facing the needs of the market and the society, seeking survival with quality, and developing with the characteristics.
Third, cultivating applied talents in the independent college must achieve the goal, the reform and development of institutional innovation, to make full use of their advantages, and vigorously promote the cooperative education, cooperative education, cooperative employment, cooperation and development, the outstanding talents, flexibility and openness, grasp the laws of the market, close cooperation, enhance the vitality of the school. Independent colleges only grasp the laws of the market, close cooperation, so that both sides of supply and demand effective docking, alleviate the structural contradiction of the labor market.
With China's higher education popularization, the development of socialist market economy, the adjustment of industrial structure and the financial crisis on the impact of China's macro economy, caused the structural contradictions of China's labor market, correlation of objective analysis of the structural contradictions of employment and the labor market of independent college graduates, and puts forward some policy options thinking seek solutions, countermeasure of employment of independent college graduates, has important theoretical and practical significance of the independent college school characteristics and healthy development.

【学位授予单位】：长江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F249.2;G649.2

【参考文献】