哈佛大学本科自主招生制度探析

发布时间：2018-07-14 21:51

【摘要】：在现代社会里，大学被誉为人类社会发展的“动力站”。要进入这个“动力站”，首先要通过高等院校招生。①高等院校招生制度是高等教育制度的重要组成部分之一。它是连接大学和中学的桥梁和纽带，对高等院校生源质量和中等教育教与学都产生重要影响。目前，我国高等教育已经进入大众化阶段，越来越多的人渴望接受高等教育。高等教育的入学机会，尤其是就读少数优质大学的机会成为社会关注的焦点。美国是典型的地方分权制国家，没有全国统一的高等院校招生制度。州与州之间、学区与学区之间、院校与院校之间的招生制度各不相同。②如果从整体上对美国高等院校招生制度进行探讨，往往使研究过于宽泛而难以深入。因此，选择哈佛大学作深刻而具体的个案剖析，加深对世界一流大学招生制度的理解。哈佛大学自获准建校开始就具有独立的法人资格，拥有高度的招生自主权，坚持精英主义教育理念，实行“不问需求”的招生政策，采取多样性的招生标准和灵活性的招生方式，建立严格和长期追踪的招生监督机制。它从广泛背景中招收有才能的学生，努力创建多元化的校园环境。本论文由五部分组成，，基本内容如下：引言部分对选题立意、研究问题、研究现状、研究思路、研究目标、研究意义、研究方法和核心概念进行阐释。第一部分以时间为线索，将哈佛大学招生历史划分为贵族哲学取向、英才哲学取向和平等哲学取向三个阶段，追溯哈佛大学招生的形成和发展以及不同阶段的主要特征。第二部分从招生目标、招生政策、招生标准、招生方式和招生机构五个层面对哈佛大学本科自主招生制度构成进行分析，探究其形成原因主要有政府间接干预、市场有效调节、文化传统熏陶、人才培养目标定位和多元智能理论影响。第三部分从招生宣传过程、申请过程、评阅过程、面试过程和录取过程五个环节介绍哈佛大学本科自主招生的具体实施过程。在此基础上，分析哈佛大学本科自主招生制度对哈佛及其他大学、中学和报考学生产生的影响。第四部分总结哈佛大学本科自主招生制度的特点，主要有招生理念精英主义、招生政策多元化、招生标准多样化、招考机构专业化、招生对象国际化。同时，揭示哈佛大学本科自主招生制度存在的局限性，主要有标准化测试难以预测大学后期成就，对少数族裔倾斜的招生政策引发新的教育不公平，加重申请者学习负担和竞争压力，招生成本高且耗时长。
[Abstract]:In modern society, universities are regarded as "power stations" for the development of human society. In order to enter this power station, the enrollment system of colleges and universities is one of the important parts of higher education system. It is the bridge and link between university and middle school, which has an important influence on the quality of college students and the teaching and learning of secondary education. At present, China's higher education has entered the stage of popularization, and more people are eager to receive higher education. Access to higher education, especially to a few quality universities, has become the focus of attention. The United States is a typical decentralized country, there is no national unified enrollment system of institutions of higher learning. Different enrollment systems between states, between school districts, and between colleges and universities. 2. If the overall enrollment system of American institutions of higher learning is discussed, the study is often too broad and difficult to go deep. Therefore, the author chooses Harvard University as a profound and concrete case study to deepen the understanding of the admission system of the world-class universities. Harvard University has an independent legal personality since it was allowed to establish the university, has a high degree of autonomy in recruiting students, adheres to the concept of meritocracy education, and implements an enrollment policy of "no need". Adopting diverse admission standards and flexible enrollment methods, establishing a strict and long-term tracking enrollment supervision mechanism. It recruits talented students from a wide range of backgrounds and strives to create a diverse campus environment. This paper is composed of five parts. The basic contents are as follows: the introduction explains the idea of the topic, research problems, research status, research ideas, research objectives, research significance, research methods and core concepts. In the first part, the history of Harvard enrollment is divided into three stages: aristocratic philosophy orientation, meritocracy philosophy orientation and equal philosophical orientation. The formation and development of Harvard enrollment and the main characteristics of different stages are traced back. In the second part, the author analyzes the composition of the independent enrollment system of Harvard University from the five aspects of enrollment goal, enrollment policy, enrollment standard, enrollment method and enrollment organization, and explores the main reasons for its formation: indirect government intervention and effective regulation of the market. Cultural tradition edification, talent training goal orientation and multiple intelligences theory influence. The third part introduces the specific implementation process of Harvard undergraduate's independent enrollment from five aspects: enrollment publicity process, application process, review process, interview process and admission process. On this basis, this paper analyzes the influence of the independent admission system on Harvard and other universities, middle schools and applicants. The fourth part summarizes the characteristics of Harvard University undergraduate's independent enrollment system, including the meritocracy of enrollment idea, the diversity of enrollment policy, the diversity of enrollment standards, the specialization of admission institutions and the internationalization of enrollment objects. At the same time, it reveals the limitations of the independent admission system for undergraduate students at Harvard University. The main problems are that the standardized tests are difficult to predict the late achievements of the university, and the preferential enrollment policy towards ethnic minorities has led to new educational unfairness. Increase the burden of applicants and competitive pressure, high recruitment costs and time-consuming.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G647.32

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