国际医学生生活质量的影响因素研究

发布时间：2018-07-17 04:37

【摘要】：引言：近年来，国家间往来与文化交流的原因很多，有的是为了贸易需要，有的是因贫穷或战乱而寻求庇护，有的是为了旅游，而出国留学也是数十年来越来越多的理由。本文主要研究那些留学生，他们面临着来自于大学教育和陌生的土地的挑战。有很多理由选择出国学习，有的是是发达国家为了与发展中国家建立共同的友好联系目的设立奖学金，有的是为了去其他国家寻求更好的教育机会。对一些人而言，这可能只是渴望体验其他文化。归根结底，留学国外既有收获也有挑战，本文将探讨影响国际医学生主观生活质量的因素。目的：本研究的目的在于评估国际医学生的自我评价生活质量，确定可能影响其生活质量的因素。目前在全球范围内很少有研究社会人口统计学变量与留学生自我评价生活质量方面的研究。另外由于中国环境的特殊，还没有这个学科的相关研究。因此本文的目的就是弥补这个裂痕。本文的调查结果不仅适应于中国，还可用于社会人口统计学变量的设置，如本文中的年龄、性别和研究水平对于不论是国内还是国外，医学专业或是非医学专业都具有普遍性。所以本文的结果可能对教育相关部门针对学生建立和评价项目、活动和服务提供普遍的指导意义。方法：本研究的被调查者主要来自于大连医科大学国际交流学院，被调查者要求填写一份关于社会人口统计学变量和生活质量的问卷。生活质量方面的问题是参照世界卫生组织的WHOQOL-BREF问卷设计而来。采用随机抽样的方法，被调查者都是自愿匿名的。收集的数据使用SPSS16.0统计软件进行分析，对于国际医学生社会人口统计学因素的分布情况进行描述性试验。分析变量时采用方差分析和卡方检验的方法。皮尔逊相关系数（r）和斯皮尔曼秩相关系数分别用于研究WHOQOL-BREF得分和社会人口统计学变量之间的关系。结果：描述性数据调查对象包括373例医学留学生，其中214例（57.4%）学生是亚裔，159例（42.6%）是非亚裔，其中包括199例（53.4%）男性和174例（46.6%）女性。调查对象的年龄介于17到32岁。90.9%(339)的人有宗教信仰和9.1%(34)没有宗教信仰。只有2.4%（9）的调查对象已婚。财政支持的主要来源是自我/家庭，占调查对象的95.2%。为了方便学习学校要求是住宿，因此有97.3%的被调查对象住在学校宿舍，只有2.7%的被调查对象住在校园外。关于被调查对象周围朋友的国籍，据统计绝大多数（83.9%）的朋友还是留学生。仅有10.7%的被调查对象有同等比例的中国和留学生同学。2.1%的被调查对象反映他们的大部分朋友是中国人，也有3.2%的人说他们没有中国朋友。研究显示41.3%的人反映与中国人交朋友很难。33%的人认为语言障碍是最大的挑战，其次是食物/住宿占11.3%，再次是教学/考试模式占11%。文化差异、思乡、适应新科目/课程和经济问题等占的比例较小，分别是4.8%、4%、3.8%、3.5%。生活质量绝大部分的学生认为他们的生活质量“很好”或“非常好”，分别为50.1%和16.6%。在亚洲和非亚洲的组中主要代表的生活质量也同样是“很好”或“非常好”。领域得分本研究中的样本最高领域得分是社会关系领域得分，其次是心理、环境和身体健康领域。非亚洲的被调查对象在心理和社会关系领域好于亚洲的，而身体健康和环境领域亚洲的被调查对象好于非亚洲的。尽管差距并不是很明显但男性在所有领域中都有比较好的得分。24岁以上和二年级的学生在心理领域比别的年龄组有较高得分。生活质量变量之间的关联医学专业留学生的出身、性别、年龄和研究水平在生活质量上并无统计学意义。有统计学意义的（p0.05）有：身体领域和年龄，汉语口语水平；心理领域，亲密朋友的可获性；社会关系领域和亲密朋友的可获性，社会支持水平，口语水平；环境领域和国籍，家庭沟通，社会支持水平。国籍通常与家庭沟通、探亲、社会支持水平和对身材的接受度等有关。性别在统计上与身体质量指数，家庭沟通，健康满意度和经历消极情绪有关。年龄和年级与探亲、社会支持水平和享受生活有统计学关联。学习水平与探亲、社会支持水平和享受生活有统计学关联。住宿与社会支持，睡眠和拥有足够的金钱有统计学关联。讨论: 社会人口统计学变量拥有室友的学生47.2%的来自于同一个国家，48%的拥有相同的宗教信仰。非常有趣是拥有室友51.5%的学生认为他们与室友的关系亲密或很亲密。这一发现的可能原因是他们来自相同国家有着相同的宗教信仰，而这些对他们之间关系的质量和感情深厚程度有着一定的影响。由于相同的社区和信仰环境中使他们拥有共同的文化信念、法律、价值观，所以相同家庭信仰背景和国籍为他们提供了一个更容易交流的平台。对于探索这种关系我们将做进一步研究。有83.9%的留学生之间友谊关系出现问题。有很多原因导致了这种倾向；其中一个原因是由于有着共同的英语语言使他们有相同的经历或是更容易沟通交流。另一个可能的因素就是国内和国外间有限的相互交流，这是因为他们都是用不同教学方法分开上课。中国学生用汉语教授课程，而留学生用英语教授课程。除此之外，别的非正式或课外活动中国学生和留学生也是分开进行的。在研究的样本中月消费的两个类别并没有太大差距，，月消费低于1000元的占48.5%，而月消费高于1000元的占51.5%。关于这一变量有一些有趣的调查结果，其中有49个学生的月消费超过2500元，在这些人群中最高的月消费曾达到过10000元。在中国这种环境下，由于学校内的食物和住宿开销是相对能够支付得起的，一顿饭菜至少是6元，所以他们这样的高消费也是比较极端少见的。研究者注意到了这一罕见的人群，因此对这49个学生做了进一步的分析。他们中的大多数（32人）的生活质量与样本总体人群处于相同水平，都是处于“好”或“很好”。不考虑这种上端月消费，这39个人中有8人认为他们还是没有足够的钱来满足生活需要，比较遗憾的是调查家庭经济背景方面的问题在问卷中并没有涉及。所以我们并不能得到家庭经济背景和学生消费水平之间关系的相应结论。应该在今后增加对留学生支出影响因素的研究，探索研究生消费策略。生活质量本研究中国际医学生的生活质量普遍比较好，这与之前的研究也相符。根据马斯洛的需求层次理论，人得在满足基本的需求后才能再满足更高的需求。研究人群中的最高领域得分是社会关系得分，其次是心理领域，这二者在马斯洛的需求层次理论中都在第三个层级上。这是一个相当高的水平，这就暗示了这些人群中最基本的生理需求和安全需求已得到满足，因此自评生活质量的得分比较高。这个观察很有趣，并且呼吁我们需要对这一给人深刻印象的特殊群体的现象和应对策略的原因做进一步调查研究。领域成绩最高领域得到是社会关系得分。可能的原因是相当多的学生（79.6%）表示说在学校里他们有亲密的朋友，他们主要的朋友都是国际留学生，这样他们交流起来障碍比较少，因此他们的社会需求得到满足。研究结果中其他可能的原因是59%的人是与他人共同居住的，51.5%的学生表示他们与室友的关系密切/很密切，53%的人对他们个人人际关系表示满意。这些都是社会领域里的，所以社会领域得分都很高。变量之间的联系生活质量在统计学上与室友关系、家庭沟通和汉语口语水平有联系。汉语口语水平决定了一个人在环境中能够被倾听被理解，所以一个人越有自信沟通他就越能适应周围的环境，因此必然影响他们的生活质量。与中国人建立良好的联系能够提高留学生的生活质量，但在中国现实中绝大多数的当地中国人只说汉语，那么语言越好他们与中国人相互的关系的就越好。与室友的关系与生活质量有着相反的关系，本研究使用编码将很亲密、亲密、不亲密和关系糟糕分别用1、2、3、4和5等级表示，那么事实上认为与室友关系得分越高的他们的生活质量越好。研究发现心理领域在统计学上与亲密朋友的可获性有联系。这种现象的解释是拥有亲密朋友可以提供一个相互理解的氛围和社会归属感，而这些都与精神和心理的良好状态有关。社会关系在统计学上发现与亲密朋友的可获性、社会支持水平和汉语口语水平有关系。所有这些变量都在社会领域中，所以他们影响个体的社会需求。亚洲人在生理健康和环境领域比非亚洲人的得分好一些，而对于心理和社会关系则是相反的。这一结果对于留学生来自的国家仅仅与环境有关是吸引人的，亚洲（214人）与非亚洲（159人）相比是主要的群体。可能的解释是非亚洲人更善于交际或者外向，与他人相互联系的比较多，所以这可以解释他们在心理和社会关系领域得分比较高。在今后有必要对这一差异做进一步调查研究。不考虑非统计学研究发现证明研究水平与WHOQOL-BREF领域得分的关系，在所有领域中一年级的学生得分最低。这些可以归结于称之为文化适应导致的交叉文化冲击型。本研究是学期末进行的，一年级学生很可能是短暂阶段如此，他们现在已经渴望密友了。解释这一现象还需要进一步研究。结论: 本研究的主要目的是鉴别国际医学本科生在中国的环境下主观生活质量的因素。研究结果尽管有局限性的因果关系或探索性特征，但也为有国际学生的大学和教育者提供了一些基础数据。它可以帮助设计以国际学生和改善国际学生生活的介入项目。校园环境的支持培养可以帮助国际学生打造与本土学生的关系。筹划组织课外活动，既有本土学生又有国际学生，特别是不同教室之间联系局限的时，这样可以帮助这两组学生建立联系。新学生有针对性开设一些课程，如文化议题、基本沟通技巧和公认的社会准则，这样可以帮助国际学生弥补期望与经历之间的不足。让来自于相同国家有着相同宗教信仰的学生在一起可以在学生中建立一个更好的关系，从而对他们的生活质量产生积极影响。除了社会人口统计学变量的探索之外，还要进一步研究发现中国的国际医学生良好自评生活质量的因素。诸如人格特质、应对策略等都需要继续探讨。
[Abstract]:Introduction:
In recent years, there are many reasons for inter state exchanges and cultural exchanges. Some are for trade needs, some are seeking asylum for poverty or war, and some are for tourism, and studying abroad is also more and more reasons for decades. This article mainly studies the students who are faced with the choice of college education and unfamiliar land. War. There are many reasons to choose to study abroad. Some are to establish a scholarship in order to establish a common friendly connection with the developing countries. Some are to seek better educational opportunities in other countries. For some, this may just be a desire to experience other languages. In the final analysis, abroad both gains and choices. This article will explore the factors that affect the subjective quality of life of international medical students.
Objective:
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of life of international medical students and determine the factors that may affect their quality of life. There are few studies on social demographic variables and the quality of self evaluation of foreign students in the world. The purpose of this article is to make up for this crack. The findings of this article are not only adapted to China, but also for the setting of social demographic variables. For example, the age, gender and research level in this article are universal for both domestic and foreign, medical and non medical majors. It can provide general guidance for educational departments to establish and evaluate projects, activities and services for students.
Method:
The subjects of this study were mainly from the Institute of international communication at the Dalian Medical University. The respondents were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the demographic variables and quality of life. The quality of life was based on the design of the WHO WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Voluntarily anonymous.
The data collected using SPSS16.0 statistical software were used to carry out a descriptive test on the distribution of social demographic factors in international medical students. The method of variance analysis and chi square test was used to analyze the variables. The Pearson correlation coefficient (R) and the Spielman rank correlation were used to study the WHOQOL-BREF scores and the social people respectively. The relationship between statistical variables of the mouth.
Result:
Descriptive data
The subjects included 373 medical students, of which 214 (57.4%) were Asian and 159 (42.6%) were non Asian, including 199 (53.4%) men and 174 (46.6%) women. The respondents were between 17 and 32 years of age.90.9% (339) with religious beliefs and 9.1% (34) without religious belief. The main source is self / family, which accounts for 95.2%. of the respondents.
97.3% of the respondents lived in the dormitory and only 2.7% of the respondents lived outside the campus. As for the nationality of the friends around the subjects, the vast majority (83.9%) of the respondents or foreign students. Only 10.7% of the respondents had the same proportion of Chinese and foreign students. The respondents to the study of.2.1% reflected that most of their friends were Chinese, and 3.2% said they had no Chinese friends. The study showed that 41.3% of the people reflected that people who had made friends with Chinese people were difficult to.33% that language barriers were the biggest challenge, followed by food / accommodation 11.3%, and again the teaching / examination model in 11%. cultural differences. The proportion of rural residents adapting to new subjects / courses and economic problems is 4.8%, 4%, 3.8%, 3.5%. respectively.
Quality of life
Most of the students think their quality of life is "very good" or "very good". The quality of life of 50.1% and 16.6%. in Asia and non Asian groups, respectively, is also "good" or "very good".
Field score
The highest score in this study was scored in the field of social relations, followed by psychological, environmental and physical health. Non Asian respondents were better in psychological and social relations than in Asia, while the subjects in the physical and environmental areas of Asia were better than non Asian. Although the gap was not very obvious but men were There are better scores in all fields. Students aged.24 and two have higher scores in psychological field than other age groups.
Quality of life
Correlation between variables
The origin, sex, age and research level of medical students have no statistical significance in the quality of life. There are statistically significant (P0.05): physical field and age, the level of oral Chinese; the availability of intimate friends in the psychological field; the availability of social relations and close friends, social support level, spoken language level; Border area and nationality, family communication, social support level. Nationality is usually associated with family communication, family visits, social support levels, and body acceptance. Gender is statistically related to body mass index, family communication, health satisfaction and experience negative emotions. Age and grade and visit, social support level and enjoyment of life. There is a statistically significant correlation between learning level and visiting relatives, social support level and enjoyment of life. Accommodation and social support, sleep and having enough money are statistically related.
Discussion:
Socio demographic variables
47.2% of the students who have roommates come from the same country and 48% have the same religious belief. It is very interesting that 51.5% of the roommates think they are close or close to their roommates. The possible reason is that they have the same religious belief from the same country, and the quality of the relationship between them. There is a certain impact on the depth of feelings. Because of the common cultural beliefs, laws, and values in the same community and belief environment, the same family belief background and nationality provide a more easy to communicate platform for them. We will do further research on the exploration of this relationship.
There are 83.9% of the foreign students' friendship problems. There are many reasons for this tendency; one of the reasons is that there is a common English language that makes them have the same experience or easier communication. Another possible factor is the limited communication between domestic and foreign countries, because they are not used. The teaching method is separated from the teaching method. Chinese students teach Chinese in Chinese, while foreign students teach English in English. In addition, other informal or extracurricular activities are carried out separately by Chinese students and students.
There is no big gap between the two categories of monthly consumption in the sample, 48.5% of the monthly consumption of less than 1000 yuan, and the monthly consumption of more than 1000 yuan 51.5%. has some interesting findings about this variable, of which 49 students spend more than 2500 yuan in monthly consumption, and the highest monthly consumption in these groups has reached 10000 yuan in China. In this environment, the high consumption of food and accommodation in schools is relatively affordable, and a meal is at least 6 yuan, so their high consumption is extremely rare. The researchers noticed the rare population and made a further analysis of the 49 students. Most of them (32 people) lived. The quality of the population is at the same level as the population, which is "good" or "good". Not considering this end month consumption, 8 of the 39 people think they still have no enough money to meet the needs of their lives. It is a pity that the questions in the family economic background are not involved in the questionnaire. So we are not. The relevant conclusions of the relationship between the family economic background and the level of the student consumption should be obtained. The research on the factors affecting the expenditure of foreign students should be increased in the future, and the strategy of postgraduate consumption should be explored.
Quality of life
In this study, the quality of life of Chinese intermedical students is generally good, which is consistent with the previous research. According to Maslow's demand level theory, people can meet the higher needs after meeting the basic needs. The highest field score in the study group is the social relationship score, followed by the psychological field, which are the needs of the two in Maslow. The level theory is at third levels. This is a fairly high level, which suggests that the basic physiological needs and safety requirements of the population have been met, so the score of the quality of life is higher. This observation is interesting and appeals to us to need a special group that is very impressive. And the reasons for coping strategies are further investigated.
Field achievement
The highest field is a social relationship score. The possible reason is that a considerable number of students (79.6%) say they have close friends at school, their main friends are international students, so they have fewer barriers to exchange, so their social needs are satisfied. The other possible reasons for the study are 59%. People live with others, 51.5% of the students say they are closely / closely related to their roommates, and 53% of them are satisfied with their personal relationships. These are all social areas, so the social field has a high score.
The connection between variables
The quality of life is statistically related to roommate, family communication and the level of spoken Chinese. The level of spoken Chinese determines that a person can be heard to be understood in the environment, so the more confident that a person is able to communicate with him, the more he can adapt to the surrounding environment, so that the quality of life must be affected. It can improve the quality of life of foreign students, but the overwhelming majority of local Chinese speak Chinese in the Chinese reality, the better the language is, the better their relationship with the Chinese people. The relationship with the roommate has the opposite relationship with the quality of life. This study uses the coding to be intimate, intimate, non intimacy and bad relationship with 1,2,3 The 4 and 5 grades indicate that the higher the score is, the better their quality of life is.
The study found that the psychological field is statistically related to the availability of close friends. The explanation is that having close friends can provide a mutual understanding and a sense of social belonging, which are related to the good state of mind and psychology. The level of proficiency is related to the level of spoken Chinese. All these variables are in the social sphere, so they affect the individual's social needs.
Asians have better scores than non Asians in the field of physical health and the environment, and the opposite of psychological and social relations. This result is attractive to the country that the foreign students come from only with the environment. Asia (214) is the main group compared to non Asian (159). In the future, it is necessary to further investigate the difference in the field of psychological and social relations. It is necessary to further investigate this difference in the future. Not considering the relationship between the level of research and the WHOQOL-BREF domain score, and the first grade in all fields. Students have the lowest scores. These can be attributed to a cross cultural impact called cultural adaptation. This study was conducted at the end of the semester, and the first grade students were likely to be in a short period, and they are now eager for close friends. The explanation of this phenomenon needs further study.
Conclusion:
The main purpose of this study is to identify the subjective quality of life of international medical undergraduates in China. The results, although there are limited causality or exploratory characteristics, provide some basic data for universities and educators with international students.
【学位授予单位】：大连医科大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G648.9;R-4

【共引文献】