清代士子科举考试活动研究

发布时间：2018-09-13 06:45

【摘要】：科举考试由隋唐至清末,历时约1300年,对整个中华民族产生了深远影响。读书、应考、出仕成为范式。科举初创于隋炀帝时期,是为了革除“九品中正制”的流弊,以期在荐举和学校之外选拔朝廷真正需要的人才。相对于荐举制和九品中正制,科举凸显了公平和公正,确实起到了抑制门阀、拔擢寒庶的作用。清代科举多沿明制,科举被视为汉人官员出身的正途,进士科是主要的科目。国家以科举取士,任官重正途,由科举入仕者则为正途,区别于其它异途,以别流品。清代科举考试以其公平公正的选拔原则,除少数几种所谓的贱籍以外,普通读书人均可凭自己的学识参加科举竞逐。“朝为田舍郎,暮登天子堂”是对贫寒之家读书人的莫大鞭策,也是阶层流动的真实写照。“满朝朱紫贵,尽是读书人”更是为攀登在科举路途上的士子们描绘了一副科举入仕的绚丽图景。朝廷以科举取士,世人由科举登进,天下读书人莫不以科举入仕为奋斗目标。对于科举,“高门是望之继世,草泽期其起家”。科举考试的内容、程式、结果、考官均由皇帝决定,进士及第者更是由皇帝亲策亲定,号为天子门生。科举入仕对士子们来说是一条漫长而艰辛的道路。为了实现个人抱负、家族荣耀,士子惟有做好充足的准备,才能够在万千应试者中脱颖而出。“二月杏花八月桂”,体现的是士子对科举的痴迷,三更的灯火和五更的鸡鸣见证了士子为了八月折桂所付出的不懈努力。即使要忍受“襟解怀开遍体搜”的屈辱,也阻挡不了士子在科举途上勇往直前的脚步。到底国家取士有限,上榜的只是极少数,更多的人只能接受落榜的命运。榜上有名的幸运士子苦尽甘来,接受地方、家族的祝贺和朝廷的恩赏。而那些可怜的落榜者,只能向隅而泣,期待下次的考试或者另择他途。从此,便是“天上人间一霎分”,不免有“年来年去来去忙,为他人做嫁衣裳”的幻灭感,徒叹奈何,惟有“仰天大笑出门去,独对春风舞一场”。本文主要通过描述和分析清代士子在考前的读书备考、赴考、考场上的活动以及考试结束后的活动,呈现清代士子科举考试活动这一历史场景,从活动的角度来加强我们对清代科举考试的认识和理解,从而对当今考试能有更深刻的反思。
[Abstract]:The imperial examination lasted about 1300 years from the Sui and Tang dynasties to the end of the Qing Dynasty, which had a profound influence on the whole Chinese nation. Reading, taking the exam, out of office become the paradigm. The imperial examination was founded in the Sui Yangdi period, in order to eliminate the malpractice of "nine products in the proper system", in order to select the talents that the court really needed outside the recommendation and school. Compared with the recommendation system and the nine-quality system, the imperial examination highlights the fairness and justice, and does play a role in restraining the door valve and promoting the cold. The imperial examination in the Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system, and the imperial examination was regarded as the official origin of the Han people, and the subject of Jin Shi was the main subject. The country takes the imperial examination to obtain the scholar, the official heavy right way, by the imperial examination enters the official position is the right way, distinguishes from the other different way, with the other stream goods. The imperial examination in Qing Dynasty, with its fair and just selection principle, except for a few so-called cheap books, ordinary readers can participate in the imperial examination competition by their own knowledge. "Chao as Tian she Lang, Twilight ascended the son of Heaven" is a great spur to the poor family scholars, but also a true portrayal of the flow of class. "Manchu Zhu Zigui, all scholars" for climbing on the imperial examination on the way to paint a magnificent picture of imperial examination. The imperial examination to take scholars, the world from the imperial examination into the world, the world scholars to the imperial examination official as the goal. For the imperial examination, "high gate is the world of hope, grass-Ze his start." The contents, procedures, and results of the imperial examination were decided by the emperor, and the emperor decided by the emperor. It is a long and hard road for the scholars to enter the imperial examination. In order to achieve personal ambition and family glory, a scholar can stand out among thousands of candidates only if he is well prepared. "February apricot flower eight laurel", reflects the scholar's obsession with the imperial examination, three shift lights and five shifts of chicken rooing witnessed the scholar's tireless efforts to fold the laurel in August. Even if we have to endure the humiliation of "opening up all over the body", we can not stop the scholars from moving forward bravely on the way to imperial examinations. In the end, the country is limited, the list is only a very small number, more people can only accept the fate of failure. The lucky ones on the list are painstakingly willing to accept local, family congratulations and court rewards. Those poor losers, can only cry Xiang Yu, looking forward to the next exam or alternative path. Since then, there is a "heaven and earth a split," there is "the year to go to busy, for others to do clothes," the disillusionment, but sigh, only "go back to the sky to go out with a big smile, only to spring wind dance." By describing and analyzing the reading preparation, going to the examination, the activities in the examination room and the activities after the examination, this paper presents the historical scene of the imperial examination activity of the scholars in the Qing Dynasty. From the angle of activities, we should strengthen our understanding of the imperial examination in Qing Dynasty, so that we can have a more profound reflection on today's examination.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G649.29

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