阅读研究中的主要眼动指标评述 南京廖华

  本文关键词：阅读研究中的主要眼动指标评述，，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

第4期 闫国利等: 阅读研究中的主要眼动指标评述 599

5 眼动指标使用时应注意的问题

5.1 眼动指标的分类

以上对阅读中的眼动指标进行了介绍。需要说明的是, 对眼动指标进行分类的标准并不是唯一的, 还可以根据其他的标准进行分类, 比如根据研究目的的不同还可以划分为局部分析指标(local measures)和整体分析指标(global measures) (Bai, Yan, Zang, Liversedge, & Rayner, 2008; Li, Zhao, & Pollatsek, 2012)。整体分析指标主要是从宏观上对阅读的眼动特征进行分析, 具体包括：平均注视时间、平均眼跳距离、向前眼跳次数、回视次数(比率)、总的句子阅读时间(在句子阅读过程中落在句子上的所有注视点和眼跳的总和)、句子阅读时间校正(指总的句子阅读时间减去眼跳时间, 即落在句子上所有注视点的持续时间的总和)、注视位置等(沈德立等, 2010)。具体对一个兴趣区的深入分析主要使用局部分析指标, 主要包括：单一注视时间、首次注视时间、第一遍阅读时间、向前通过阅读时间、第二次通过阅读时间、总阅读时间、总体通过阅读时间、重读时间、注视位置、再注视比率、跳读率、回视出比率等。当然这种分类也只是相对的, 比如注视位置、眼跳距离等既可以作为整体分析指标也可以在局部分析中使用。

5.2 原始数据的删除标准

在正式分析眼动数据之前, 还需要对有问题的原始数据进行剔除。

首先, 要删去眼动记录丢失较多的试验项目, 同时还要删去包含有眨眼的注视, 因为有研究(Ridder & Tomlinson, 1995)发现, 与眼跳抑制一样, 在眨眼时也存在“眨眼抑制” (blink suppression)现象。根据Volkmann, Riggs和Moore (1980)的研究, 眨眼抑制从眨眼启动前约50~100ms开始, 一直持续到眨眼结束后的100~150 ms, 最近的一项研究(Ehrmann, Ho, & Paoas, 2005)甚至发现要持续到眨眼结束后的200~500 ms。

其次, 要删去注视和眼跳的极端数据。注视时眼睛并不是稳定不动, 而是有微小的跳动, 眼跳距离只有一个字符的很小部分, 这种微小的眼跳(microsaccade)可能表示注意力的调整, 也可能是反映了眼动系统内在的校正倾向。关于阅读中微小眼跳的功能至今没有一种合理的解释, 它与

知觉和认知加工之间的关系目前也没有统一的认识(Engbert, 2006; Engbert & Kliegl, 2003; Martinez- Conde, Macknik, Troncoso, & Hubel, 2009)。因此在数据分析之前, 研究者会参考以往研究选定一个最小眼跳距离的标准, 凡是小于该标准的微小眼跳将被视为眼动记录时的“噪音”, 在数据分析时被删去, 或者看作是较大眼跳的一部分而被合并 (Inhoff et al.,1998)。从眼跳距离的频率分布中可以看出微小眼跳的概率极小(见图4), 同样大于15~20个字符空间(4°~5°视角)的眼跳也较少, 因此在有的研究中, 大于15~20个字符空间的眼跳也被作为极端数据删除。

同样对于短暂注视的功能目前也没有合理的解释, 多数研究者认为短暂注视并不受即时的认知加工过程控制, 阅读者在短暂的注视期间并不能获得有效信息(Rayner & Pollatsek, 1989; Inhoff, Briihl & Schwarz,1996), 因此在数据分析之前需要删去短暂注视。关于短暂注视的界定标准也有一定差异, 早期有研究者将50 ms以下的注视界定为短暂注视 (Inhoff et al., 1996), 由图4可见, 小于100 ms的注视在眼动记录中概率很小, 因此也有研究将标准限定在70~100 ms(Vitu, O’Regan, & Mittau, 1990)。当前国内外阅读的眼动研究中一般都采用80 ms这一标准 (Reingold, Yang, & Rayner, 2010; Slattery, Angele, & Rayner, 2011; Chen & Huang, 2012; van Gompela, Pickering, Pearson, & Liversedge, 2005; 白学军等, 2011; 陈庆荣等, 2010; 任桂琴, 韩玉昌, 于泽, 2012)。也有研究者认为中文阅读中, 似乎短注视点相对英文更多, 因此将标准定为60ms (Wang, Chen, Yang, & Mo, 2008; Yang, Wang,Tong, & Rayner, 2012; 王穂苹, 佟秀红, 杨锦绵, 冷英, 2009)。如果小于删除标准的注视与之前或之后的注视处在一个字符空间内, 就将这两个注视时间合并作为一次注视, 否则就将短暂注视删去。需要说明的是, 如果有的研究在计算注视时间时将眼跳时间包含在内, 那么短暂注视的界定标准就要更长, 而且, 当对语言加工过程进行研究时, 相对较高的界定标准可能更有利, 因为有研究发现, 140 ms及其短于140 ms的注视不受阅读材料的词汇特征的影响(McConkie, Reddix, & Zola, 1992)。时间在1000 ms以上的注视点几乎不存在(见图4), 如果在眼动数据中出现1000 ms以上的注视点, 极有可能

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图4 注视时间和向前眼跳距离的频率分布(来自Rayner, 1998) 注：注视时间以毫秒为单位, 眼跳距离以字符空间为单位。

是仪器误差导致, 因此也被作为极端数据删除。另外, 也有研究将平均注视时间的两个或三个标准差作为删除标准(Rayner et al., 2010), 大于和小于两个或三个标准差的注视时间和眼跳距离作为极端数据删除。

需要说明的是, 不管是眼跳距离还是注视时间, 在选择极端数据的删除标准时, 研究者需要特别谨慎, 因为不同的删除标准将对数据的最终解释效果产生较大影响, 比如, 在有的研究数据中, 注视时间的删除标准为50 ms时, 最终数据的效应值可能不显著, 但是如果删除标准界定为140 ms时效应值可能会非常显著。目前在阅读的眼动研究中仍无统一的删除标准。 5.3 眼动指标的选择

如何针对不同的研究目的, 选取适当而有效的眼动指标并对其进行分析是眼动分析法的关键。选择合适的眼动指标, 要根据研究内容和研究目的而定。同时如上文所讲每一个眼动指标都有其适用的范围和优缺点, 因此在研究中只使用某一个或某一类指标是有局限性的, 应该综合使用多种眼动指标, 从不同维度对数据进行细致分析。

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  本文关键词：阅读研究中的主要眼动指标评述，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。