美国联邦政府研究生资助政策研究

发布时间：2018-04-18 22:14

本文选题：资助政策 + 美国联邦政府　；参考：《西南大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：研究生教育是国家创新体系建设中重要的因素,研究生资助是整个研究生教育系统的重要组成部分,在促进研究生阶段的教育公平、鼓励优秀研究生最大限度地发挥他们的创造潜能、促进研究生教育健康蓬勃发展等方面有着不可替代的作用。作为世界上研究生教育最为发达国家之一,美国在半个多世纪的发展中,逐步建立起了较为完善的研究生资助体系,形成了联邦政府推动、科研资助主导的多元化、立体式资助格局。本研究期望通过对美国联邦政府的研究生资助政策研究,寻求对构建中国特色研究生资助体系的借鉴参考。论文以导论开篇,阐明了选题缘由并对论题所讨论的核心问题进行了说明。在梳理国内外相关文献和前期研究成果基础上,阐述了本研究的理论与现实意义,确立了本论文的研究思路和主要方法。正文部分分为五章。第一章分析美国联邦政府资助研究生的思想根源和现实动因。研究发现,追求公平正义的美国文化,人力资本、成本分担等理论,是美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的思想源泉；提升国家竞争力、应对高校财务危机背景下学费上涨、提高研究生教育质量则是美国联邦政府的现实动因。第二章主要采用历史研究方法分析美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的发展演变。论文围绕联邦政府在研究生资助方面的一系列重大事件,将美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的形成分为早期零散非正规的资助阶段、资助的制度化阶段、资助体系逐步成型的阶段、“911”和金融危机背景下的调整阶段,力求挖掘美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的多重影响因素。第三章分析了联邦政府研究生资助政策的重要政策文本。根据政策的重要程度与现实影响,论文选取了《国防教育法》、《高等教育法》、《重塑科学家与工程师的研究生教育》、《美国竞争法》、《美国复苏与再投资法案》、《前方的路：美国研究生教育的未来》等对美国研究生资助产生重要影响的政策文本,对这些政策的出台背景、主要内容和实施成效进行了系统的个案分析。第四章探讨了美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的实施现状。美国在联邦资助政策的指导下,研究生资助规模和力度总体呈上升态势；资助形式多样化；资助来源渠道多机构化；资助学科分布差异化；资助项目层次化；资助管理集成化,已逐步形成了多元、立体、高效的研究生资助体系。论文第五章总结了美国研究生资助政策的基本经验：坚持奖励优秀、促进公平的资助导向；建立体系完备、与时俱进的政策法规；设立类型多样、覆盖面广的资助项目；完善管理规范、高效有序的运作方式；强调突出重点、体现差别的资金分配；构筑职责明确、保障到位的监管机制。结合我国研究生资助制度建设相对落后、资助水平较低、资助结构不合理、资助资金来源单一等问题,提出了相应的改革建议。
[Abstract]:Graduate education is an important factor in the construction of national innovation system. Graduate student support is an important part of the whole graduate education system.Encouraging excellent graduate students to maximize their creative potential and promoting the healthy and vigorous development of graduate education plays an irreplaceable role.As one of the most developed countries in the world for graduate education, the United States has gradually established a relatively perfect graduate aid system in the course of more than half a century of development, and has formed a diversity of research grants led by the federal government.Three-dimensional funding pattern.This study looks forward to the reference to the construction of the graduate student support system with Chinese characteristics through the study of the federal government's graduate aid policy in the United States.The paper begins with an introduction, explains the reason of the topic and explains the core issues discussed in the thesis.On the basis of combing domestic and foreign related literature and previous research results, this paper expounds the theoretical and practical significance of this study, and establishes the research ideas and main methods of this paper.The text is divided into five chapters.The first chapter analyzes the ideological root and realistic motivation of federal government funded graduate students.The study found that the theories of American culture, human capital and cost sharing in pursuit of fairness and justice are the ideological source of the federal government's graduate student funding policy, promote national competitiveness, and cope with the rise in tuition fees in the context of the financial crisis in colleges and universities.Improving the quality of graduate education is the realistic motivation of the United States federal government.The second chapter mainly uses the historical research method to analyze the development and evolution of the federal government graduate aid policy in the United States.Focusing on a series of important events of the federal government in graduate aid, the paper divides the formation of the federal government's graduate aid policy into the early stage of scattered informal funding, and the stage of institutionalization of funding.In the stage of the gradual formation of the aid system and the adjustment stage under the background of "911" and the financial crisis, the author tries to excavate the multiple influencing factors of the federal government's graduate student funding policy.The third chapter analyzes the important policy texts of the federal graduate aid policy.Depending on the importance of the policy and its practical implications,The thesis chooses the National Defense Education Act, the higher Education Act, the Graduate Education for reshaping scientists and Engineers, the United States Competition Law, the recovery and Reinvestment Act of the United States, the way ahead: the Future of American Graduate Education, and so on.Policy texts that have an important impact on graduate student funding in China,The background, main content and implementation effect of these policies are analyzed systematically.Chapter four discusses the actualization of the federal graduate aid policy in the United States.Under the guidance of the federal funding policy, the scale and intensity of graduate student funding in the United States is on the rise; the forms of funding are diversified; the sources of funding are multi-institutional; the distribution of funding disciplines is different; the level of funding projects; the integration of funding management.Has gradually formed a pluralistic, three-dimensional, efficient graduate funding system.The fifth chapter summarizes the basic experience of US graduate aid policy: insisting on rewarding excellence, promoting fair guidance of financial support, establishing policies and regulations with complete system and keeping pace with the times, setting up various types and covering a wide range of funding projects;Improve the management standard, efficient and orderly operation mode; emphasize the key points, reflect the different allocation of funds; build a clear responsibility, ensure the supervision mechanism in place.In view of the problems of relatively backward construction of graduate aid system, low level of subsidy, unreasonable structure of financial support and single source of funding in China, the corresponding reform suggestions are put forward.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G643

【引证文献】