策略非对称对合作演化的影响

发布时间：2018-03-13 02:18

本文选题：囚徒困境　切入点：策略非对称　出处：《云南财经大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：合作行为广泛存在于自然界中,小到微观生物,大到人类。特别地,合作行为在现代社会随处可见,并成为当今人类文明的基础,但在现实生活中,人类并不总是无私的帮助他人,这使得并不是在任何条件下合作都可以实现。在实际生活中,一部分群体能够成功实现合作,而另一部分群体则不能,这现象引起了人们对于人类合作的影响因素的思考和探索。因此探寻合作演化过程和维持合作系统稳定机制成为众多学者研究的重要问题。在研究合作的演化过程中形成了诸如Hamilton的亲缘选择理论、群选择理论和“互惠理论”等经典理论,它们认为亲缘关系、群体间的竞争或利益互惠对于合作双方来讲,选择合作将是彼此的优势策略。然而这些理论均是基于对称、均衡思想发展而来。但在现实生活中普遍存在着不对称现象,对合作系统中的参与者双方对称性的假设是不合理的。而且许多事实证据表明合作双方之间实际上存在着非对称关系。所以,很有必要对合作行为在非对称情况下的演化过程进行研究。本文基于Dreber et al(2008)的研究,在重复“囚徒困境”模型中引入策略非对称即博弈双方拥有的策略个数不同,进而设计出策略非对称实验,即将实验者随机分成两组:一组包含合作和不合作策略;另一组包含合作、不合作和惩罚策略。随机地将两组人员配对进行交互博弈,不存在同组成员之间的博弈。通过曼-惠特尼U检验和广义线性模型研究发现,策略非对称系统和策略对称系统之间的合作率存在显著差异,且策略非对称系统的平均合作率更高,表明策略非对称能够促进系统的合作。策略非对称群体相对于策略对称群体倾向于更少的选择惩罚策略,而更多的选择不合作策略,表明策略非对称群体具有较强的“明哲保身”倾向。策略劣势方相对于策略优势方倾向于选择更多的合作,但平均收益却显著低于策略优势方。另外,通过分析策略对称与策略非对称群体的惩罚策略使用数与平均收益之间的关系得知策略对称群体与策略非对称群体都表现出“赢者不罚”。
[Abstract]:Cooperative behavior widely exists in nature, small to micro organisms to humans. In particular, cooperative behavior can be seen everywhere in modern society, and become the foundation of the human civilization, but in reality, humans are not always selfless to help others, which is not in any condition can be achieved in cooperation. In real life, a part of the group to cooperate successfully, and the other part of the group is not, this phenomenon has aroused the influence of human cooperation thinking and exploring factors. Therefore exploring the evolution of cooperation and cooperation to maintain system stability mechanism has become an important issue for many scholars. In the evolution of cooperation in the formation of such as kin selection theory of Hamilton, the classical theory of group selection theory and reciprocity theory ", they believe that the genetic relationship between populations, competition or cooperation for mutual benefit The two sides, the choice of cooperation will be each other's dominant strategy. However, these theories are based on symmetry, equilibrium thought development. But there is a widespread asymmetry in real life, the system of cooperation of participants in both the symmetry assumption is not reasonable. And a lot of factual evidence that cooperation between the two sides actually exist the non symmetric relation. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evolution of cooperative behavior in the asymmetric case. In this paper, based on Dreber et al (2008) of the study, said that the number of non policy based strategy game both sides have different repeat in the "prisoner's dilemma" model, and then design a strategy of asymmetric experiment soon, the experimenters were randomly divided into two groups: one group includes cooperation and non cooperation strategy; another group of cooperation, cooperation and punishment strategy. The two groups randomly paired to the interactive game, not There is a game between the members of the group. By the Mann Whitney U test and study of the generalized linear model found between symmetric systems and strategy symmetric system, there was a significant difference between the non cooperation strategy, and the average cooperation strategy for asymmetric systems shows that the policy rate is higher, the asymmetric system can promote the cooperation strategy of asymmetric groups with respect. The strategy of symmetric groups tend to be less choice and more punishment strategy, choose not to show that asymmetric cooperation strategy, strategy group has a strong "worldly-wise and play safe" tendency. Strategic disadvantage relative advantage strategy to choose more in cooperation, but the average income is significantly lower than that of strategic advantage. In addition, through the analysis of symmetry and strategy strategy of asymmetric group punishment strategy uses the relationship between the number and the average income of that strategy group and the strategy of symmetric and asymmetric groups showed a "win The person is not punished.

【学位授予单位】：云南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F224

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