城乡统筹背景下新生代农民工就业困境及出路研究

发布时间：2018-08-28 07:08

【摘要】：农民工作为中国社会转型过程中出现的一个庞大、特殊的群体，是我国工业化、城镇化快速发展的重要推动力量。随着时间的推移，农民工群体正经历着代际转换。时至今日，新生代农民工已经成为了我国城市用工和建设的主力军。他们为我国城市的发展作出了巨大的贡献，然而，由于种种原因，其生活状态却没有得到有效的改善，失业现象越来越严重。因此，笔者试图通过研究我国新生代农民工的整体现状，加之以理论分析，研究其就业困境及其原因，进而找出在我国城乡统筹背景下，新生代农民工如何解决其就业困境的有效途径。新生代农民工是指出生于20世纪80年代或90年代，年龄在30周岁以下，并于20世纪90年代末或21世纪初陆续进入城市打工、经商或从事其他非农业的农村人口。农民工是介于农民和城市居民之间的一个特殊群体，与中国城乡二元结构向城乡一元社会体制的转型相伴随。城乡统筹是以城市和农村为一体的发展思维为基础，以打破历史和制度设计形成的城乡二元结构为起点，立足城市发展，着眼农村建设，以实现城乡差距最小化、城市和农村共同富裕文明为终极目标的一项系统工程。笔者从人力资本理论、劳动力市场分割理论、农村劳动力转移理论对我国新生代农民工的出现进行了理论解释。通过分析笔者认为，新生代农民工就业困境的主要表现为：社会保障水平偏低，劳动权益保护制度不健全；职业选择迷茫，职业技能滞后，职业培训缺失；工资待遇偏低，就业层次偏低；就业稳定性差，公共需求很难得到满足。笔者主要从制度层面、政府层面、企业层面、自身层面等四个方面，分析造成新生代农民工就业困境的原因。通过以上的分析，笔者认为要在城乡统筹背景下解决我国新生代农民工就业问题，必须从制度环境、政府主导、企业参与、新生代农民工自身等四个方面同时发力。在制度环境上，应当深化户籍制度改革、完善社会保障制度、健全法律保护体系。对于政府而言，应当建立城乡统一的劳动力市场、完善公共就业服务系统、发展县域经济，引导农民工就地就近转移就业。企业自身应当自觉履行其法定责任，，规范企业用工制度；加大人力资本的投资，对员工定期开展职业培训；发挥工会的积极作用，畅通利益诉求渠道。新生代农民工自己也应当树立正确的就业观，提高心理素质；积极参与职业培训，提升就业能力；主动参加就业保障，增强维权意识。
[Abstract]:Migrant workers, as a huge and special group in the process of social transformation in China, are an important driving force for the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China. With the passage of time, migrant workers are experiencing intergenerational transformation. Today, the new generation of migrant workers has become the main force in urban employment and construction. They have made great contributions to the development of cities in our country. However, due to various reasons, their living conditions have not been effectively improved, and the unemployment phenomenon is becoming more and more serious. Therefore, the author tries to study the overall situation of the new generation of migrant workers in China, in addition to theoretical analysis, to study their employment difficulties and reasons, and then find out in the context of urban and rural planning in China. New generation of migrant workers how to solve their employment difficulties of effective ways. The new generation of migrant workers refers to the rural population who were born in the 1980s or 1990s, under the age of 30 years, and entered the city to work in the late 1990s or the beginning of the 21st century, doing business or engaging in other non-agricultural rural population. Migrant workers are a special group between peasants and urban residents, which is accompanied by the transformation from the dual structure of urban and rural areas to the unitary social system of urban and rural areas. The overall planning of urban and rural areas is based on the development thinking of integrating urban and rural areas, taking breaking the dualistic structure of urban and rural areas formed by historical and institutional design as the starting point, based on urban development, focusing on rural construction, in order to minimize the gap between urban and rural areas. Urban and rural common prosperity civilization as the ultimate goal of a system engineering. The author explains the emergence of the new generation of migrant workers in China theoretically from the theory of human capital, the theory of labor market segmentation and the theory of rural labor force transfer. The author believes that the employment dilemma of the new generation of migrant workers is mainly manifested as: low level of social security, imperfect labor rights and interests protection system, confused career choice, lagged vocational skills, lack of vocational training, low pay. Employment level is low, employment stability is poor, public demand is difficult to meet. The author analyzes the reasons for the employment dilemma of the new generation of migrant workers from four aspects: system level, government level, enterprise level and self level. Through the above analysis, the author thinks that in order to solve the employment problem of the new generation of migrant workers in the context of urban and rural planning, we must make efforts from four aspects: institutional environment, government leading, enterprise participation, and the new generation migrant workers themselves. In the institutional environment, we should deepen the reform of the household registration system, perfect the social security system and perfect the legal protection system. For the government, it is necessary to establish a unified labor market between urban and rural areas, perfect the public employment service system, develop the county economy, and guide migrant workers to transfer employment nearby. Enterprises themselves should conscientiously fulfill their legal responsibilities, standardize the employment system of enterprises, increase investment in human capital, carry out regular vocational training for employees, give full play to the positive role of trade unions, and unblock channels of interest demands. The new generation of migrant workers themselves should also set up a correct view of employment, improve their psychological quality, actively participate in vocational training, enhance their employability, take the initiative to participate in employment security, and enhance their awareness of safeguarding their rights.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F323.6;F249.2

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