融资租赁业“营改增”探析

发布时间：2018-04-27 17:15

本文选题：营改增 + 融资租赁税制　；参考：《西南财经大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：融资租赁产生于20世纪50年代的美国,作为一种创新的融资工具,它将融资与融物相结合,一经产生即风靡世界,迅速扩展到了欧洲、亚洲的一些国家。这种方式大大促进了各国的技术更新、资产盘活和资源配置。融资租赁在我国,从第一家公司成立直到现在,大概有30多年的历史。三十多年来,融资租赁对我国的产业结构调整、产品升级换代起到了积极的推动作用,对我国的民航、海运业和中小企业的发展给予了有力的支持,为国民经济发展做出了贡献。发达国家融资租赁业的发展历史经验表明,税收是影响融资租赁业发展的重要因素,对行业的发展具有重大影响。我国从2012年起在部分现代服务业中试点“营改增”税制改革,有形动产融资租赁业纳入了试点范围。本文正是基于此背景下,从理论和实证的角度出发,探讨“营改增”税制改革对融资租赁业流转税税负以及经营绩效的影响。并在此基础上,提出改进融资租赁业税制的政策建议,以期对我国融资租赁业的发展有所裨益。本文一共分为四部分。第一部分包括第一章引言；第二部分为理论分析部分,包括第二章融资租赁业税收负担效应分析,以及第三章国际融资租赁税收政策的特征及经验；第三部分为实证分析部分,包括第四章融资租赁业“营改增”效应的实证分析；第四部分包括第五章分析结论与政策建议。理论分析部分,本文首先对企业税收负担进行一般分析,阐述其定义,分类,及影响因素。在此基础之上,研究融资租赁市场课税的作用机制以及税负变化对不同融资租赁市场主体行为的影响。随后,借鉴了国外融资租赁税收制度的经验,最终得出结论：第一,税收会通过替代效应和收入效应影响出租人。一方面,对租赁收益征税,出租人会选择相对便宜的其他活动替代变昂贵了的租赁服务；另一方面,征税减少了出租人的租赁收入,企业从事其他活动也会受到消极影响。第二,税负的变化使承租人与出租人达到新的均衡状态。该均衡结果取决于各个参与人的贴现因子以及行动的先后顺序。此外,剔除其他参与方的影响,承租人与出租人签订协议的迫切程度折扣率不同,均衡结果也会有所差异。第三,通过比较国外融资租赁业的税收制度,可以发现税收优惠是一大亮点。而我国在融资租赁方面的税收激励还显得不足。值得我国借鉴的国外融资租赁税制经验主要有： (一)融资租赁的概念清晰,功能明确。只有对融资租赁的概念以及功能有清晰准确的界定,才能促进融资租赁业的健康发展。 (二)融资租赁的税收制度统一。对包括融资租赁在内所有的资产取得方式采取公平的投资鼓励措施。对从事融资租赁的纳税人一律平等对待,给纳税人创造平等竞争的环境。 (三)融资租赁的税负公平合理。对融资租赁业务的经济实质进行认定,制定统一的税收政策,避免经营资质不同的企业税收区别对待的问题,从而在很大程度上保证企业税负的公平合理。 (四)融资租赁税收政策与促进投资的税收鼓励紧密相连。对采用融资租赁方式购买设备给予包括税收抵免、加速折旧等在内的优惠政策,发挥融资租赁在促进企业盘活固定资产,提高资金使用效率,促进设备升级和更新改造方面的积极作用。实证分析部分,本文以11家中国金融租赁企业2007年到2012年的数据作为研究对象,运用描述性统计分析,考察金融租赁业税负的总体变化趋势,并和金融服务业进行比较分析。此外,结合天津市投入产出表以及上市融资租赁企业的数据,运用模型推导和数理统计方法,研究“营改增”对融资租赁业流转税税负和经营绩效的影响。通过实证部分的分析,我们可得出以下结论：第一,从总体看,2007年到2011年金融租赁业的实际税负率呈现下降趋势,2012年金融租赁业税负明显上升。2007年到2008年税率下降幅度较大,2008年到2011年的税率变化趋势则相对平稳。除2012年以外,金融租赁业的税负率每年均低于金融服务业税负率。金融服务业相对金融租赁行业而言,其平均实际税率稳定些,金融租赁行业对税收政策的敏感度要强于金融服务业。此外,金融租赁行业内部税负率差异波动小于金融服务行业。第二,“营改增”税制改革很可能导致融资租赁企业税负水平上升,盈利能力下降。由于有形动产租赁业(一般纳税人)的试行增值税税率为17%,税率提高的增税效应超过了进项抵扣的减税效应,因此“营改增”改革方案很可能提高有形动产租赁业的现行税负。相应的,由于税负水平的上升,造成了融资租赁企业经营绩效的下降。在理论和实证分析的基础上,本文提出了优化我国融资租赁业税制的建议。这一部分主要结论如下：第一,融资租赁业流转税制度优化路径：首先,只对增值额征税。将售后回租业务纳入“营改增”体系,调整售后回租业务差额征税政策,’对融资租赁业收取的租赁有形动产价款本金不征收增值税。其次,适当降低“营改增”后融资租赁业适用的增值税税率。融资租赁业固定资产更新周期较长,中间投入比率不算高,短期内提高的难度较高。所以要降低融资租赁业的税负,就要考虑适当降低“营改增”后行业适用的增值税税率。另外,调整即征即退公式口径。调整即征即退增值税实际税负计算口径,分母为项目期内总租息、分子为项目实际缴纳的增值税。最后,简化超税负返还政策操作流程,及时让企业获得返还的税金。第二,融资租赁业所得税制度优化路径：首先,加速折旧政策依照统一规定执行。加速折旧是一种鼓励投资的优惠政策,可以促进承租人更多采取融资租赁方式更新设备,提高整个市场的规模。其次,允许融资租赁企业提取呆账准备金。允许融资租赁企业提高坏账准备金比例,建立健全呆账准备金和坏账损失制度。另外,对融资租赁企业实行投资抵免政策。允许符合条件的融资租赁企业享受投资抵免的优惠政策,这将很大提高上促使融资租赁企业扩大经营规模,并将得到的优惠让渡给承租人,从而使处于朝阳期的融资租赁业更好更快的发展。最后,完善融资租赁业税收征管。结合融资租赁公司的业务模式,灵活管理开票方式。首先,在直租业务中,融资租赁企业根据客户要求购买租赁资产,对于开票问题应灵活调整,更多的结合行业自身特点,允许融资租赁企业对本金部分一次性开具专用发票。其次,在回租业务中,允许融资租赁企业凭合同将本金部分扣除,融资租赁公司对本金部分可以开具普通发票,只对租金部分开具增值税专用发票给承租人。最后,如果融资租赁公司已经提前进行了纳税申报,允许其延期针对租金收入开具专用发票。本文的贡献主要在于通过描述性统计分析对金融租赁业总体税负变化趋势进行了分析,并通过模型推导和数理统计对“营改增”前后融资租赁业流转税税负和经营绩效的变化进行了分析,进一步结合相关上市公司数据验证了“营改增”对融资租赁业的影响。
[Abstract]:The financing lease is generated in the US in the 1950s as an innovative financing tool . It combines the financing and the melt , and expands to some countries in Europe and Asia . In the past 30 years , the financing lease has played a positive role in the development of China ' s civil aviation , shipping industry and small and medium - sized enterprises .

This paper is divided into four parts . The first part includes the introduction of Chapter 1 ;
The second part is the theoretical analysis part , including the analysis of the tax burden effect of the second financial leasing industry , and the characteristics and experience of the third chapter international financial leasing tax policy ;
The third part is the positive analysis part , including the fourth chapter finance lease industry " battalion reform increase " effect empirical analysis ;
The fourth part includes the conclusion and policy suggestion of the fifth chapter .

Based on the analysis of the theoretical analysis , this paper first analyzes the enterprise ' s tax burden , expounds its definition , classification and influencing factors . On the basis of this , we study the effect mechanism of the tax on the finance lease market and the influence of the change of tax burden on the behavior of different financing lease market subjects . Then , we draw on the experience of the foreign financing lease tax system , and finally draw the conclusion :

First , the tax will affect the lessor through the substitution effect and the income effect . On the one hand , the lessor will choose relatively cheap other activities to replace expensive rental services on the one hand .
On the other hand , the tax reduces the rental income of the lessor , and other activities of the enterprise will be negatively affected .

Second , the change of tax burden makes the lessee and the lessor achieve the new equilibrium state . The equilibrium result depends on the discount factor of each participant and the sequence of action . In addition , the effect of other participants is eliminated , and the urgency of signing the agreement between the lessee and the lessor is different , and the equilibrium result will also vary .

Third , by comparing the tax system of foreign financing lease industry , it can be found that the tax benefit is a big bright spot , and the tax incentive of our country in financing lease is insufficient .

( 1 ) The concept of financing lease is clear and the function is clear . Only the concept and function of financing lease are clearly and accurately defined in order to promote the healthy development of the financing lease industry .

( 2 ) The tax system of financial leasing shall be unified . The fair investment incentives shall be adopted for all asset acquisition modes , including financial leasing , and the taxpayers engaged in financing leases shall be treated equally to create an environment of equal competition for taxpayers .

( 3 ) The tax burden of the financing lease is fair and reasonable . The economic essence of the financing lease business is determined , and the unified tax policy is established to avoid the problem that the enterprises with different qualifications are treated differently , so that the fairness and reasonable fairness of the enterprise tax burden are guaranteed to a large extent .

( 4 ) The tax policy of financing lease is closely connected with the tax incentive to promote investment . The preferential policies including tax credit , accelerated depreciation and the like are given to the purchase equipment of the financing lease mode , so as to play a positive role in promoting enterprise inventory of fixed assets , improving the efficiency of capital utilization , and promoting equipment upgrading and upgrading .

The empirical analysis shows that the data of 11 Chinese financial leasing companies from 2007 to 2012 is used as the research object , and compared with the financial service industry by means of descriptive statistics and statistical analysis . In addition , based on the input - output table of Tianjin and the data of listed financing lease enterprises , the paper studies the influence of " battalion reform increase " on the tax burden and operating performance of the financial leasing industry . Through the analysis of the empirical part , we can conclude the following conclusions :

First , from the overall view , the actual tax rate of the financial leasing industry is declining in 2007 to 2011 , and the tax burden of the financial leasing industry in 2012 is obviously increased . In 2008 , the tax rate in the financial leasing industry is relatively stable . In addition to 2012 , the tax rate of the financial leasing industry is lower than that of the financial service industry . In addition , the financial leasing industry is more sensitive to the financial service industry than the financial leasing industry . In addition , the fluctuation of the internal tax rate of the financial leasing industry is less than the financial services industry .

Second , the reform of the tax system in the reform of " battalion reform " may result in the rise of the tax burden of the financing lease enterprise and the decrease in profitability . As a result of the tax - added tax rate of 17 % for the tangible movable property rental industry ( general taxpayer ) , the tax increase effect of the tax rate is more than the tax reduction effect of the entry deduction . Therefore , the reform plan for the reform of the camp is likely to improve the current tax burden of the tangible property rental industry . Accordingly , due to the rise of the tax burden level , the decrease in the performance of the financing lease enterprise is caused .

On the basis of theoretical and empirical analysis , this paper puts forward some suggestions to optimize the taxation system of China ' s finance leasing industry .

First , the optimization path of the rent - transfer tax system of the financing lease industry is that firstly , the value - added tax is charged . The sales - back - lease business is included in the " battalion - reform - increasing " system , and the value - added tax rate applicable to the financing lease industry is adjusted after the sales - back - lease business is adjusted . In addition , the tax - added tax rate applicable to the financing lease industry is reduced due to the long period of renewal of the fixed assets of the financing lease industry .

Second , the financing lease business income tax system optimizes the path : Firstly , the accelerated depreciation policy is implemented in accordance with the uniform regulations . The accelerated depreciation is a preferential policy that encourages investment , which can promote the lessee to adopt the financing lease mode to update the equipment and improve the size of the whole market .

At last , in the direct - lease business , the financing lease enterprise should purchase the leased asset in accordance with the customer ' s request . In the first place , in the direct - lease business , the financing lease enterprise can issue a special invoice to the principal part one - time according to the customer ' s request . Secondly , in the rent - back business , the finance leasing company can issue ordinary invoices to the principal part . In the end , if the financial leasing company has made a tax declaration in advance , it is allowed to delay the issuance of special invoices for the rental income .

This paper mainly analyzes the trend of the overall tax burden of financial leasing industry through descriptive statistics , and analyzes the changes of the tax burden and operating performance of the financing lease industry before and after the reform of the camp by means of model derivation and mathematical statistics , and further combines the data of the relevant listed companies to verify the influence of the " battalion reform increase " on the financing lease industry .

【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F832.49;F812.42

【参考文献】